Tuesday 16 December 2008
Historical
-Calvin Klein- “obsession” (1985)
Women are represented as sex objects as they are an obsession fantasised by men, which men want for only one reason. At the end she says “There are many loves but only one obsession”- suggesting sex is an obsession. Also in the advert she is wearing white which contradicts her actions as white symbolises purity and innocence and her actions are totally opposite, which gives a representation of both “Madonna” and “whore”.
Link: http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=h7UHA_tr7S0
-Calvin Klein- “obsession” (1985)
Women are represented as sex objects as they are an obsession fantasised by men, which men want for only one reason. At the end she says “There are many loves but only one obsession”- suggesting sex is an obsession. Also in the advert she is wearing white which contradicts her actions as white symbolises purity and innocence and her actions are totally opposite, which gives a representation of both “Madonna” and “whore”.
Link: http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=h7UHA_tr7S0
FEMALE DIRECTORS
1- Lynne Ramsey- Born in Glasgow, graduated from UK’s National Film and Television School in 1995. Directed films such as “Small Deaths” and “Kill the Day”.
2- Catherine Hardwicke’s from Texas USA- directed the 2008 hit film "Twilight". It is a hard action packed movie about a love between a vampire and a human. It is based on the number 1 selling series "30 weeks and Counting".
3- Mary Harron- Canadian director- directed the hit film "American Psycho". It's a film about a wealthy man working at his fathers company on Wall Street who goes deeper into his fantasies and kills for no reason.
4- Gurinder Chadha- born in Kenya, grew up in Southall. Directed “Angus Thongs and Perfect Snogging”
1- Lynne Ramsey- Born in Glasgow, graduated from UK’s National Film and Television School in 1995. Directed films such as “Small Deaths” and “Kill the Day”.
2- Catherine Hardwicke’s from Texas USA- directed the 2008 hit film "Twilight". It is a hard action packed movie about a love between a vampire and a human. It is based on the number 1 selling series "30 weeks and Counting".
3- Mary Harron- Canadian director- directed the hit film "American Psycho". It's a film about a wealthy man working at his fathers company on Wall Street who goes deeper into his fantasies and kills for no reason.
4- Gurinder Chadha- born in Kenya, grew up in Southall. Directed “Angus Thongs and Perfect Snogging”
FIVE REASONS WHY WOMEN DIRECTORS ARE RARE
1- Because they have other duties such as looking after there kids, and they can’t do this as being a director means to fully commit to that and only that
2- It is a very male dominant industry as its business orientated, which is male dominant, and its more about who you know-so men are at every level leaving no space for women.
3- Many women believe they can’t make it
4- There’s a hierarchy of men which means men are in charge of mostly everything making it hard for women. Female directors don't make the effort to send in their projects, which makes people think whether or not they really want to enter the industry
5-Female directors don't make the effort to send in their projects, which makes people think whether or not they really want to enter the industry
1- Because they have other duties such as looking after there kids, and they can’t do this as being a director means to fully commit to that and only that
2- It is a very male dominant industry as its business orientated, which is male dominant, and its more about who you know-so men are at every level leaving no space for women.
3- Many women believe they can’t make it
4- There’s a hierarchy of men which means men are in charge of mostly everything making it hard for women. Female directors don't make the effort to send in their projects, which makes people think whether or not they really want to enter the industry
5-Female directors don't make the effort to send in their projects, which makes people think whether or not they really want to enter the industry
Gender and Advertising
Gunter(1995)
theorist looks at gender and how women are being represented in magazines, in different decades. He found women in magazines adverts before 1970’s are hardly shown in paid work and if they were jobs would be associated with the female gender, ie secretary or a hairdresser. Gunter also concludes that the 'housewife' image was in decline after the 50's but was still quite common in the 60's and 70's. Even though women were shown more as working women, Gunter still found that women were shown to be performing domestic duties.
Cumberbatch (1995) l
ooked at 500 prime time tv ads in the uk and found advertisers had become wary of showing women doing housework, seen in 7% of the ad's, However for the first time it was shown men were doing cooking, but only on special occasions, and not as frequent as women did.
Scheibe (1979)
looked at T.V ad's and did an assessment of what male and female characters were shown to be concerned about. It was concluded women in ad's were more concerned about beauty, cleanliness, family and pleasing others, whereas men were only concerned about achievements and having fun.
Macdonald (1995)
"advertisers generally lagged behind women's magazines in the cultivation of new modes of address, even when the evidence suggested that commercial advantages could be gained from modernising their approach", macdonalds suggests advertisers do nothing to update and modernise women’s stereotypes.
Greer-
"every woman knows that she is a failure if she is not beautiful", This suggests a women is not a women if she is not physically attractive "Thirty years ago it was enough to look beautiful now a woman has to have a tight, toned body, including her buttocks and thighs, so that she is in good touch all over",
Walters (1998).
"If only 4% of men think that they are attractive, we should not be too quick to argue that only women feel cast down by the pressures of beautiful ideals" (1998). She also suggest attractive people earn more money.
Cortese,
wrote in the book called 'provocateur', women are shown to be the perfect provocateur as they are made to look like this through editing ect…. “Displays youth, good looks, sexual seductiveness and [beauty] perfection", in adverts women are made to look perfect promiscuous
Gunter(1995)
theorist looks at gender and how women are being represented in magazines, in different decades. He found women in magazines adverts before 1970’s are hardly shown in paid work and if they were jobs would be associated with the female gender, ie secretary or a hairdresser. Gunter also concludes that the 'housewife' image was in decline after the 50's but was still quite common in the 60's and 70's. Even though women were shown more as working women, Gunter still found that women were shown to be performing domestic duties.
Cumberbatch (1995) l
ooked at 500 prime time tv ads in the uk and found advertisers had become wary of showing women doing housework, seen in 7% of the ad's, However for the first time it was shown men were doing cooking, but only on special occasions, and not as frequent as women did.
Scheibe (1979)
looked at T.V ad's and did an assessment of what male and female characters were shown to be concerned about. It was concluded women in ad's were more concerned about beauty, cleanliness, family and pleasing others, whereas men were only concerned about achievements and having fun.
Macdonald (1995)
"advertisers generally lagged behind women's magazines in the cultivation of new modes of address, even when the evidence suggested that commercial advantages could be gained from modernising their approach", macdonalds suggests advertisers do nothing to update and modernise women’s stereotypes.
Greer-
"every woman knows that she is a failure if she is not beautiful", This suggests a women is not a women if she is not physically attractive "Thirty years ago it was enough to look beautiful now a woman has to have a tight, toned body, including her buttocks and thighs, so that she is in good touch all over",
Walters (1998).
"If only 4% of men think that they are attractive, we should not be too quick to argue that only women feel cast down by the pressures of beautiful ideals" (1998). She also suggest attractive people earn more money.
Cortese,
wrote in the book called 'provocateur', women are shown to be the perfect provocateur as they are made to look like this through editing ect…. “Displays youth, good looks, sexual seductiveness and [beauty] perfection", in adverts women are made to look perfect promiscuous
1970- Jaws
Men are also represented as dominant and in control as they’re the only sexes taking part in the problem solving. In the opening clip females are represented as unintelligent as a woman is floating around in the sea in the middle of then night. Women are also seen only taking part in only family involvement, conforming to Mc Neil (1975) – women’s interaction only to with family or romance.
link:http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=ucMLFO6TsFM
Men are also represented as dominant and in control as they’re the only sexes taking part in the problem solving. In the opening clip females are represented as unintelligent as a woman is floating around in the sea in the middle of then night. Women are also seen only taking part in only family involvement, conforming to Mc Neil (1975) – women’s interaction only to with family or romance.
link:http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=ucMLFO6TsFM
1970- ‘The Godfather’
Mc Neil’s study in 1970 showed men play the dominant roles; this is visible in this text as its only male involvement when serious business is concerned. The men are shown to be wearing suits and ties, showing they’re part of professional and controlled crime, connoting they are powerful and leading. Mc Neil (1975) also said women’s contributions in movies are only to with romantic or family roles. This is shown in this text as the only participation of females is to do with romance.
link:http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=oAfWMr26KQk
Mc Neil’s study in 1970 showed men play the dominant roles; this is visible in this text as its only male involvement when serious business is concerned. The men are shown to be wearing suits and ties, showing they’re part of professional and controlled crime, connoting they are powerful and leading. Mc Neil (1975) also said women’s contributions in movies are only to with romantic or family roles. This is shown in this text as the only participation of females is to do with romance.
link:http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=oAfWMr26KQk
1960-‘Sound of Music’
In this text there’s a different view of women as the main character is Maria, showing the increase in female leading roles. Ina addition she shown to be a “Madonna” through her actions and what she wears- which is a long dress with a apron, and plays the role of housewife as her job is to take care of 7 kids. This is also shown in the last shot of her in a white wedding dress, which connotes she is a virgin, suggesting she innocent and pure. In one shot the farther tells her how to behave, which connotes she is under his orders, showing how women are suppressed by men.
link:http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=KtQdYoK64S4
In this text there’s a different view of women as the main character is Maria, showing the increase in female leading roles. Ina addition she shown to be a “Madonna” through her actions and what she wears- which is a long dress with a apron, and plays the role of housewife as her job is to take care of 7 kids. This is also shown in the last shot of her in a white wedding dress, which connotes she is a virgin, suggesting she innocent and pure. In one shot the farther tells her how to behave, which connotes she is under his orders, showing how women are suppressed by men.
link:http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=KtQdYoK64S4
1960-‘Bonnie and Clyde’ [1967]
In the 1960’s there was a sexual revolution for women, this movement is clearly shown in the text as the first shot is a close up of her lips, which are red and full-connoting sex. Also she is naked lying on the bed banging the bed post with her hand, connoting she is sexually frustrated. Furthermore the fact she goes up to the window naked suggests she is promiscuous representing her of a “whore”. However when she comes out of the house she is wearing a light coloured dress suggesting she is innocent showing a “Madonna” side to her. In addition the stereotype of blondes being “bimbos” is also shown her actions are very flimsy. Also when Clyde suggests she is a “maid” or “waitress” connotes women are only good for these jobs and are to unintelligent for any important jobs. Moreover Gunter said only 20% of characters were women, this is seen in this text as the only women on screen was Bonnie.
link:http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=C0j6ghtjNto
In the 1960’s there was a sexual revolution for women, this movement is clearly shown in the text as the first shot is a close up of her lips, which are red and full-connoting sex. Also she is naked lying on the bed banging the bed post with her hand, connoting she is sexually frustrated. Furthermore the fact she goes up to the window naked suggests she is promiscuous representing her of a “whore”. However when she comes out of the house she is wearing a light coloured dress suggesting she is innocent showing a “Madonna” side to her. In addition the stereotype of blondes being “bimbos” is also shown her actions are very flimsy. Also when Clyde suggests she is a “maid” or “waitress” connotes women are only good for these jobs and are to unintelligent for any important jobs. Moreover Gunter said only 20% of characters were women, this is seen in this text as the only women on screen was Bonnie.
link:http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=C0j6ghtjNto
Tuesday 9 December 2008
Book Research
"Degrading and trivialising views of women"- Dyer, Gillan (1987) "introduction" in Baehut, Helen and Dyer, Gillian, Boxed In: Women and Television, London: Pandora
"viwers were encouraged to identify with the protaganist who tended to be a man" Mulvey, Laura (1975) "visual pleasure and narrative Cinema"
"Highlighting a womens to-be-looked-at-ness"
Wolf argues that "Women's bodies and female sexuality have become commodities and the consequences of this are mental and physical illness, stravation diets and eating disorders"Dr. Work
Alice Embree argued that 'women were seen as bodies, not people (1970, 206)"
Feminism, Femininity and popular culture by joanne howan (02)
'Hollywood films are a narrative cinema and the narrative is usually told via a male perspective' mulvey
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/gaze/gaze09.html
Freud argues the 'men unconsciously see women as castrated and this causes them to feel anxiety which is why fertishization objects are used in order to reduce anxiety.'
O'Sullivan,Tim, Jewkes,Yvonne (1997-reprinted in 2004): The Media Studies Reader,Arnold, Edward- whole book relevant as information on womens career representation and useful to my text as Angleina Joli represented as a more superior perosn then the men in the film 'wanted' 08.
“Only 3% of women were represented as housewives as their main occupation”. 92-93 Legates, Marlene (2001): In Their Time. Great Britain: Routledge.
"Degrading and trivialising views of women"- Dyer, Gillan (1987) "introduction" in Baehut, Helen and Dyer, Gillian, Boxed In: Women and Television, London: Pandora
"viwers were encouraged to identify with the protaganist who tended to be a man" Mulvey, Laura (1975) "visual pleasure and narrative Cinema"
"Highlighting a womens to-be-looked-at-ness"
Wolf argues that "Women's bodies and female sexuality have become commodities and the consequences of this are mental and physical illness, stravation diets and eating disorders"Dr. Work
Alice Embree argued that 'women were seen as bodies, not people (1970, 206)"
Feminism, Femininity and popular culture by joanne howan (02)
'Hollywood films are a narrative cinema and the narrative is usually told via a male perspective' mulvey
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/gaze/gaze09.html
Freud argues the 'men unconsciously see women as castrated and this causes them to feel anxiety which is why fertishization objects are used in order to reduce anxiety.'
O'Sullivan,Tim, Jewkes,Yvonne (1997-reprinted in 2004): The Media Studies Reader,Arnold, Edward- whole book relevant as information on womens career representation and useful to my text as Angleina Joli represented as a more superior perosn then the men in the film 'wanted' 08.
“Only 3% of women were represented as housewives as their main occupation”. 92-93 Legates, Marlene (2001): In Their Time. Great Britain: Routledge.
Tuesday 2 December 2008
GENDER REPRESENATIONS IN THE PAST
WOMEN AND MEN ON TV
1950'S, 1960'S AND 1970'S only 20-30% of characters were female.
Mid 1980's there were more women leading roles, but there were twice as many men on screen.
Mid 1970's (Miles, 1975) found there were nearly equal proportions of men and women in situation comedies, however, gender roles and humour could still be traditional and sexist.
Only 15% of women were leading characters in adventurous and action shows.
In 1987, it was found female roles to be most common in comedy programmes (43%).
1970's, marriage, parenthood and domesticity were shown to be more important to women than men.
Study by McNeil (1975) concluded that women's movement was largely ignored by television, with married housewives being the main female role.
Studies in the 1970's found men to be the more dominant characters
Men were seen as assertive or aggressive, and women were seen as passive.
Men were also seen as active and victorious and Women were also seen as weak and victimised or merely "Token Females". (Gunter, 1995).
MC NEIL (1970)-found men were to be the more dominant characters and the decision makers
Overall men were more assertive and women were passive
WOMEN AND MEN ON TV
1950'S, 1960'S AND 1970'S only 20-30% of characters were female.
Mid 1980's there were more women leading roles, but there were twice as many men on screen.
Mid 1970's (Miles, 1975) found there were nearly equal proportions of men and women in situation comedies, however, gender roles and humour could still be traditional and sexist.
Only 15% of women were leading characters in adventurous and action shows.
In 1987, it was found female roles to be most common in comedy programmes (43%).
1970's, marriage, parenthood and domesticity were shown to be more important to women than men.
Study by McNeil (1975) concluded that women's movement was largely ignored by television, with married housewives being the main female role.
Studies in the 1970's found men to be the more dominant characters
Men were seen as assertive or aggressive, and women were seen as passive.
Men were also seen as active and victorious and Women were also seen as weak and victimised or merely "Token Females". (Gunter, 1995).
MC NEIL (1970)-found men were to be the more dominant characters and the decision makers
Overall men were more assertive and women were passive
Gender representations today
It was in the 1990’s that gender roles on T.V became more equal and non-stereotyped, however majority of lead roles were males.
In prime T.V 1992-1993 61% of speaking roles were men and in 1995-1996 this increased to 63%.
However in 1995-1996 it was found in a greater range of programmes 43% of major actors were female
In the study done in 1992-1993 it was found only 3% of women were represented as housewives as their occupation- this was a major decrease from the 1970s.
Elasmer, Hasegawa and Brain (1999)- found “women on prime T.V in early 1990s were young, single, independent, and had free from family and work place pressures”
FEMALE ROLE MODELS
Programmes such as "Ally McBeal" (1997) and "Sex and the City" (1998) put successful women at the forefront and focuses on their paths to and for sex, pleasure and romantic love. This then shows women in a different light, representing them as provocative and promiscuous, rather than the traditional House wife and Homemaker.
Friends - shows that there has been an increase in equality between both genders.
A study by psychologists, Muncer, Campbell, Jervis and Lewis (2001), respond to the growing concern of the Media term "Ladettes", these are women who are assertive with an aggressive attitude which are usually associated with "Lads". The study talks about whether "girls power" leads to "girl violence".
GENDER REPRESENTATIONS IN SOME RECENT MOVIES
Lara Croft Tomb Raider (2001)-“girl power icon is dreamt up by video game boys and is 100% resourceful and successful
X-men (2000) - female super heroes are just as important and “cool” as the male ones
Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon (2000)- Focused around women ho can skilfully beat up everybody
It was in the 1990’s that gender roles on T.V became more equal and non-stereotyped, however majority of lead roles were males.
In prime T.V 1992-1993 61% of speaking roles were men and in 1995-1996 this increased to 63%.
However in 1995-1996 it was found in a greater range of programmes 43% of major actors were female
In the study done in 1992-1993 it was found only 3% of women were represented as housewives as their occupation- this was a major decrease from the 1970s.
Elasmer, Hasegawa and Brain (1999)- found “women on prime T.V in early 1990s were young, single, independent, and had free from family and work place pressures”
FEMALE ROLE MODELS
Programmes such as "Ally McBeal" (1997) and "Sex and the City" (1998) put successful women at the forefront and focuses on their paths to and for sex, pleasure and romantic love. This then shows women in a different light, representing them as provocative and promiscuous, rather than the traditional House wife and Homemaker.
Friends - shows that there has been an increase in equality between both genders.
A study by psychologists, Muncer, Campbell, Jervis and Lewis (2001), respond to the growing concern of the Media term "Ladettes", these are women who are assertive with an aggressive attitude which are usually associated with "Lads". The study talks about whether "girls power" leads to "girl violence".
GENDER REPRESENTATIONS IN SOME RECENT MOVIES
Lara Croft Tomb Raider (2001)-“girl power icon is dreamt up by video game boys and is 100% resourceful and successful
X-men (2000) - female super heroes are just as important and “cool” as the male ones
Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon (2000)- Focused around women ho can skilfully beat up everybody
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