ESSAY PLANS
“Genre arouses the expectations of an audience.” How and why does it do this?
Slasher Genre
Audiences know what to expect in slasher movies as the conventions and repertoire of elements are generally similar.
In many of the movies from this genre follow typical ‘rules’:
- Teens who sleep with each other will end up dying. This pretty much happens in every slasher movie, however with an exception of “Scream” as the final girl looses her virginity and still survives.
- The virgin is always the final girl and triumphs over evil in the end. Some examples are “Friday the 13th”, “Nightmare on Elm Street” and “Texas Chainsaw Massacre”.
- Never do drugs or run upstairs when being chased by the killer.
One movie which uses irony when presenting these rules is “Scream”. The teens know what to expect but yet still get caught up and end up dying
Majority of the movies have the same repertoire of elements.
For example: -a knife - this makes the killings more personal and sadistic
-Scary music- this builds up tension, i.e. most slasher movies are famous
for there theme tunes, for example “Halloween”
-Blood- this makes it more gruesome
-Setting- almost always in the suburbs, making it more excluded and
scarier.
-Characters- a psycho, final girl, police officer who can’t do the job and
a group of teenagers.
It can be argued genre arouses the expectations of the audience because of the conventions which are repeated again and again. If it did not do this then the Slasher genre wouldn’t be distinguished as the slasher genre and the audience may not want to watch this genre as they don’t know what to expect. Letting the audience know what to expect makes them more interested in wanting to watch it, however to keep the audience interested you must have something unique with the particular movie.
One example is “Scream”, which uses parody.
Outline recent significant developments in one genre of your choice. Illustrate your answer with examples.
A genre must adapt in order to survive and not become to boring, because of this it changes.
For example in the recent “Texas Chainsaw Massacre” the family full of psycho’s also had female’s showing the change in society, basically there are women who can be just a sadistic as men
Another change is the final girl is not always a virgin, for example in “Scream” Sydney has sex but yet still is the final girl. This reflects the fact society accepts teens having sex as long as it’s safe.
Another significant change is censorship; more recent slasher movies show a lot more explicit sexual scenes. For example compare the shower scene in “Psycho” to the scene in “Switch Blade Romance” where the female actress is seen masturbating.
Another change is the special effects, as technology has developed so has the slasher genre. In “Psycho” the amount of gore was very limited, but comparing it to movies such as “Friday the 13th” where Freddy can pull a body under a bed the make his victims blood squirt out fiercely onto the ceiling. Technology has clearly brought the slasher genre forward in times.
“Parody aims to mock in a critical way” (Frederick Jameson). How has parody been used in contemporary genre?
One example where parody aims to mock in a critical way is in the slasher genre, in the movie “Scary Movie”.
“Scary Movie” is a spoof of slasher movies. It mocks various movies such as, “I know what you did Last Summer”, “Scream”, “The Usual Suspects”, and “Halloween”.
It mocks them critically as emphasise on there typical conventions which are repeated over and over again
For example it mocks the fact the killer is always right under the victim’s noses, just like in ‘Scream’. It mocks how obvious it is how not to get killed yet they still do. The main movie being mocked is ‘Scream’.
Funny enough ‘Scream’ also uses parody as one of the teens realises what they must do in order to survive yet still falls for those signs.
Monday, 20 April 2009
Friday, 3 April 2009
SCARY MOVIE FRANCHISE
Scary movie was directed by Keenen Ivary Wayans, as part of the Wayans bros. Scary movie embeds all different horror movies, it includes subtle horror film parody series Scream trilogy, The Sixth Sense, I Know What You Did Last Summer, The Usual Suspects, The Matrix, and The Blair Witch Project, while it also parodies many of the classic horror films, most notably Halloween.
Parodies which it includes:
The Blair Witch Project - The scene in which Gail Hailstorm and her Jamaican cameraman are videotaping one of the killer's murders, then they get spotted and they try to escape, however, Gail's cameraman gets killed and Gail apologizes to the cameraman's family by videotaping her apology and leaving it behind so it can be found.
The Usual Suspects - Doofy's character and situation remotely resembles that of Verbal Kint's. The scene towards the ending is an almost exact replica of the final scene from The Usual Suspects, complete with Cindy dropping the coffee mug with "Doofus Porcelain" written on the bottom (a direct parody of the scene where Detective Kujan discovers his own mug was made by a company called "Kobayashi Porcelain"), Doofy's limp gradually disappearing, him shedding clothing to reveal his real appearance, lighting a cigarette etc.
The Shining - When Buffy is about to be killed the word "Redrum," is whispered. In The Shining, Danny Torrance writes this word (murder reversed), and speaks it, while semi-possesed.
Titanic and Amistad - When Brenda and Ray are at the movies, a film trailer is shown showing a man on a ship at sea resembling like Captain Edward John Smith of the Titanic, and features a character (Keenen Ivory Wayans) saying the infamous "I'm king of the world!" line, leading the viewer to assume that the film is related to Titanic. Instead, a slave master whips the man, who is revealed to be a slave, as the trailer is revealed to be for a sequel to the 1997 film Amistad.
Thinner - In the opening scene, Carmen Electra's character is run over by a car. The driver (her father) gets distracted in a similar way as in the movie Thinner.
The Matrix - The fight scene between Cindy and the killer utilizes "Bullet time" special effects.
Drop Dead Gorgeous - The beauty pageant scene with Buffy.
'The Scary Movie franchise encompasses a series of four films (so far) all of which satirize other more serious works of horror. By maintaining its popularity and generating income over and over, the Scary Movie franchise has created what is known as a recurring stream of revenue. The problem with the Scary Movie franchising model is the rarity of franchising opportunities and the huge cost of becoming a franchisee. WSI franchisees generate the same recurring streams of income, but with a much lower initial investment and overhead. The WSI business model is all about creating recurring revenue streams by creating value.'
- Elizabeth Miranda
Thinner - In the opening scene, Carmen Electra's character is run over by a car.-The driver (her father) gets distracted in a similar way as in the movie Thinner.- The Matrix - The fight scene between Cindy and the killer utilizes "Bullet time" special effects.- Drop Dead Gorgeous - The beauty pageant scene with Buffy.
A parody in contemporary usage, is a work created to mock, comment on, or poke fun at an original work, its subject, or author, or some other target, by means of humorous, satiric or ironic imitation Scary Movie mocks the “rules” of a slasher film.
Spoof- parody: a composition that imitates or misrepresents some body's style, usually in a humorous way-this applies to Scary Movie as it presents different horror movie in a humorous way
Scary movie was directed by Keenen Ivary Wayans, as part of the Wayans bros. Scary movie embeds all different horror movies, it includes subtle horror film parody series Scream trilogy, The Sixth Sense, I Know What You Did Last Summer, The Usual Suspects, The Matrix, and The Blair Witch Project, while it also parodies many of the classic horror films, most notably Halloween.
Parodies which it includes:
The Blair Witch Project - The scene in which Gail Hailstorm and her Jamaican cameraman are videotaping one of the killer's murders, then they get spotted and they try to escape, however, Gail's cameraman gets killed and Gail apologizes to the cameraman's family by videotaping her apology and leaving it behind so it can be found.
The Usual Suspects - Doofy's character and situation remotely resembles that of Verbal Kint's. The scene towards the ending is an almost exact replica of the final scene from The Usual Suspects, complete with Cindy dropping the coffee mug with "Doofus Porcelain" written on the bottom (a direct parody of the scene where Detective Kujan discovers his own mug was made by a company called "Kobayashi Porcelain"), Doofy's limp gradually disappearing, him shedding clothing to reveal his real appearance, lighting a cigarette etc.
The Shining - When Buffy is about to be killed the word "Redrum," is whispered. In The Shining, Danny Torrance writes this word (murder reversed), and speaks it, while semi-possesed.
Titanic and Amistad - When Brenda and Ray are at the movies, a film trailer is shown showing a man on a ship at sea resembling like Captain Edward John Smith of the Titanic, and features a character (Keenen Ivory Wayans) saying the infamous "I'm king of the world!" line, leading the viewer to assume that the film is related to Titanic. Instead, a slave master whips the man, who is revealed to be a slave, as the trailer is revealed to be for a sequel to the 1997 film Amistad.
Thinner - In the opening scene, Carmen Electra's character is run over by a car. The driver (her father) gets distracted in a similar way as in the movie Thinner.
The Matrix - The fight scene between Cindy and the killer utilizes "Bullet time" special effects.
Drop Dead Gorgeous - The beauty pageant scene with Buffy.
'The Scary Movie franchise encompasses a series of four films (so far) all of which satirize other more serious works of horror. By maintaining its popularity and generating income over and over, the Scary Movie franchise has created what is known as a recurring stream of revenue. The problem with the Scary Movie franchising model is the rarity of franchising opportunities and the huge cost of becoming a franchisee. WSI franchisees generate the same recurring streams of income, but with a much lower initial investment and overhead. The WSI business model is all about creating recurring revenue streams by creating value.'
- Elizabeth Miranda
Thinner - In the opening scene, Carmen Electra's character is run over by a car.-The driver (her father) gets distracted in a similar way as in the movie Thinner.- The Matrix - The fight scene between Cindy and the killer utilizes "Bullet time" special effects.- Drop Dead Gorgeous - The beauty pageant scene with Buffy.
A parody in contemporary usage, is a work created to mock, comment on, or poke fun at an original work, its subject, or author, or some other target, by means of humorous, satiric or ironic imitation Scary Movie mocks the “rules” of a slasher film.
Spoof- parody: a composition that imitates or misrepresents some body's style, usually in a humorous way-this applies to Scary Movie as it presents different horror movie in a humorous way
Similarities and differences in TCM
SIM- Both movies are set in rural areas in the middle of nowhere
- Both follow the same “rules” of the slasher genre
- Both involve having the final girl
- Both are set in the 1970’s
- Both have similar characters
- Both involve killings
- Both are set around the true story of Ed Gine
- Both emphasise capitalism & cannibalism
- Both follow Todrov’s theory
DIFF-the final girl in TCM’74 is a bimbo
- The final girl in TCM’03 is empowered
- Females are part of the sadistic psycho families
- Erin goes back and forth with the car to kill him unlike in the first one.The new one is not censored
Texas Chainsaw Massacre Essay
There are various similarities and differences between ‘Texas Chainsaw Massacre’ released in 1974 (TCM’74) and ‘Texas Chainsaw Massacre’ remake in 2003 (TCM’03). There are obvious similarities as both movies involve a final girl and are set in the middle of nowhere in Texas. The fact the final girl was also put in there remake shows this generic convention proves to be popular with audience, which may be down to the fact there was a rise in feminism, and watching the female empower over the villain. Both films follow typical conventions of the slasher genre, such as the teens that are sexually active will die first. Also the characters are pretty much the same, such as ‘Leather Face’, however, the sadistic family in the remake involve female members, suggesting women are just as sadistic as men are. Pluralist argue the media just simply reflect what’s happening with in society, so they may argue TCM’03 reflects the rise in women serial killers, which have increased since TCM’74. However in the end of TCM’03 the final girl is seen as more of a heroine than the final girl in TCM’74. This is because final girl rescues the baby which connotes innocence, which all together suggests throughout all the killings Erin has rescued any innocence that still may exist. In TCM’74 the final girl, Sally, Is represented as more of a bimbo.
One similarity is the social group of friends; however with the change of their not being a disabled guy. Of course it is different from TCM’74 as the scene where the two teens are making out is a lot more explicit then the original, which reflects how desensitised the audience has become from it. Furthermore instead of the teens picking up a crazy hitchhiker, they stop for a disturbed one. When they tell her to come with them she warns them of what’s a head by saying “you’re going the wrong way”, then shooting herself in the head. This is a lot more shocking then the hitchhiker in TCM’74, who just cuts on of the teens. TCM’03 most likely changed it to shock the audience who have already seen TCM’74. The fact the girl shoots herself in the head and is in the mini van for the rest of their journey until they get to the psychos, her body is a dramatic symbol, foreshadowing and warning the teens of their future. Another similarity is the “rules” of a slasher film, which shows how the generic conventions are being repeated. In addition TCM’03 has more clear shots of the blood and gore, of course because of the special effects which have improved since 1974, a lot.
One difference is TCM’03 involves a sheriff. This sheriff is part of the psycho family, and helps to kill the victims, which connotes he’s sadistic. It also promotes the ideology that you can’t trust anyone in today’s society not even the law enforcement. Also the fact the sheriff abuses his powers to do evil things, and make the teens do things they don’t need to, raises the issue of the rise in corrupted police officers in America toady.
INDEPENDANT STUDY SECOND DRAFT...
“I'm the man? Yeah right…I'm the man. In fact, I'm so much the man that I have a standing prescription for medication to control my anxiety attacks.”[1]
Are women in action movies represented as empowered female role models or as sex objects? With Particular reference to “Wanted” (2008).
Females in action movies are being represented as independent, tough and empowered women in control, however only to an extent. Although women are shown to be active within society in action movies, they are still being portrayed as sex objects, who are the “subject of male gaze”[2]. Contemporary movies such as “Wanted”(2008) directed by Timur Bekmambetov, reflect the growth “in the presence and influence of women in media”[3] as the protagonist, Fox, is played by a notorious female actor, Angelina Jolie, who is well known for her empowering roles in action movies. Historically, action movies were recognized as being male dominated, however “as times have changed so have women’s role in society”[4] resulting in the types of roles they play in movies.
In the past women playing lead roles in movies were rare, however since “movie producers have realised that kick ass heroine do better business”[5] we see more women in action movies. The “dominance of the male hero in this genre was challenged by Sigourney Weaver’s Ripley in ‘Alien’ (Scott, 1979), followed by Linda Hamilton’s Sarah Connor in ‘The Terminator’ in 1984 and Angelina Jolie in ‘Lara Croft: Tomb Raider’”[6]. Now it is being challenged by Angelina Jolie’s Fox in ‘Wanted’. ‘Wanted’ is an action-fantasy. It follows conventions of both as the fast cars, explosions, and guns clearly connote action; where as an ordinary guy turning into the number one assassin clearly conveys fantasy. Bekmambetov reverses Propp’s narrative theory of the hero rescuing the ‘damsel in distress’, as Fox rescues the male character (Wesley) in the opening of the movie. This shows the woman is in control opposed to the man. Recently, there has been an “emergence of the tough female heroine as a popular media icon [which] is simultaneously celebrated”[7]. This is reflected in ‘Wanted’. From the beginning Fox is represented as a “fighting female”[8] who takes control of the situation. When Fox rescues Wesley from being killed, she is the one who is in the driving seat of the car, which represents women as the stronger sex. However the gun and the gear stick can be seen as a ‘phallic symbol’, which then connotes women must make up for what they have not got (a penis) in order to be powerful, which suggests men are truly the stronger sex.
The Freudian theory suggests “men unconsciously see women as castrated and this causes them to feel anxiety which is why fertishization objects are used in order to reduce anxiety.”[9] So the reason for having a phallic symbol is so men do not feel threatened. In every action movie where the female is the protagonist, this is clearly evident, as there is the need for a phallic symbol, usually a gun, which is also a typical convention for action genre. One examples is “Lara Croft: Tomb Raider”, the leading female, Lara (played by Angelina Jolie) must sleep with a knife. The knife can be seen as a phallic symbol, put there by the male director to stop “castration anxiety”[10] in order to stop losing “power or control”[11]. In addition the knife also symbolises Lara’s power, as she’s one step ahead of men, which is shown in medium shot of when a male attacker tries to sneak up on her during her sleep and of course she is prepared with her knife.
Traditionally it’s not known for the female to “lead the story…make the central decisions…save her male collegue [or be] the star of the film”[12], this is clearly not the case in nowadays as females are continuously being represented as strong, in control, powerful and smarter then men in action movies. ‘Wanted’ not only shows Fox’s strength through the use of phallic symbols, as Fox has “pin skinny arms, [and yet makes] beating up a guy look so easy and yeah, man, like fun”[13]. This challenges stereotypes and shows women are just as capable of being as physically powerful as men; which is evident through out the movie. For example during the scene when Fox rescues Wesley, he begs her to “drive faster”[14], which connotes she’s the dominant one who is control of the situation, the fact he begs her, further connotes he needs her to survive. Female viewers who lack confidence may also feel empowered and believe they can do any thing if they put there mind to it, as they are seeing it is possible on screen. It also emphasises men are loosing control as women are “increasingly [becoming] assertive, successful and triumphing in all roles, men are said to be anxious and confused about what their role is today”[15], in other words “crisis in masculinity”.
However due to this ‘crisis’ movies have been made which show the backlash of powerful women since feminism. One early example a backlash movie is “Fatal Attraction” (1987), where Glenn Close plays Alex Forrest, who has an affair with a married man. She is represented as seductive, beautiful and a woman who has power within her job, but because of this she is also presented as a “femme fatale”[16]. This is shown as she begins to stalk the married man after he ended it with her; the stalking gradually becomes more dangerous as the movie progresses. It can be argued from a Marxist perspective that the “dominant ideology” being promoted here, is women who are successful and independent are no good and dangerous, as Alex is represented a vindictive woman. The Backlash against powerful women is still evident in contemporary movies such as “Death Race” (2008), as Warden Hennessey (Joan Allen) who is the “judge, jury and prosecution”, because of this she is represented as a “femme fatale” creating a strong resentment towards her profession. Moreover her death in the end symbolises the death of women in power, emphasising women should stick to easy jobs.
Historically men were shown as “active, providing and tough individuals who drives the narrative forward, where as [women were] passive, home orientated and emotional”[17]. Miles (1975) found “action adventure shows only 15% of the leading characters were women”[18] This all changed when “the second wave [of] feminism”[19] took place and there was a “presence in society for equality”[20] and “personal became political”, the zeitgeist of this era is reflected in the action sci-fi film “Alien” (1979), even though the movie it self is set in the future. ‘Alien’ was one of the first action movies to have an active empowered female lead role, which was played by Sigourney Weaver (Ripley) who is a “resourceful, self-reliant, hard-assed, feminist action heroine”[21]. Although the director (Ridley Scott) “never intended [to have the lead role] played by a female”[22], nonetheless it was a huge success and made “$1,983,690”[23], in fact it was so successful they made sequel. Ellen Ripley is seen as an action hero like Fox in ‘Wanted’, through out the movie Ripley thrives to gain control, which reflects the fact women were trying to gain equality during the 70’s and 80’s. In the beginning Ripley is repressed by the male character Ash who abruptly tells her “there’s no point”[24] of her trying to help as she can not do anything, towards the end she gains independence and control. This is shown when she physically grabs and throws Ash about the room, showing she is physically stronger, which connotes women will gain control in society no matter what men want. This is emphasised in the end as she is the last one standing and alive, which connotes women’s independence was starting to come alive during that period. The character Ripley is similar to Fox in ‘Wanted’ as both of them are represented as “ass-kicking females”[25]. However throughout both movies there are more men in the scenes, reflecting the society is still very patriarchal, and emphasise the fact that action movies are a “typically male dominant genre”.[26]
Davis (1990) found women leading characters “doubled to 29%”[27]; this is clearly evident as women now “perform the role of the action hero” in movies, thanks to movies such as ‘Alien’ and ‘Kill Bill’. The influences of female actors such as Angelina Jolie, Lucy Lui, Uma Thurman, Keira Knightley and Sigourney Weaver have made it possible for the female audience to have an empowered and strong women role models. Also the rise of female actors playing lead roles in action movies shows the change in society accepting women as independent role models as the success of all these movies show it. For example Uma Therman’s role as the Bride in “Kill Bill: Vol 1” (2003) was so successful a sequel was made. Again, “Charlie’s Angel’s” (2000) was so successful another two were produced, “Lara Croft: Tomb Raider” was successful “Lara Croft: Cradle to the Grave” was produced. Furthermore all the female protagonists in action movies are active and in charge of their actions. For example in the movie ‘Kill Bill: Vol 1’ described as “brutally bloody and thrillingly callous from first to last”[28]. Uma Thurman plays The Bride, her costume does not involve heavy make up, revealing clothing or even long glossy hair, in fact “it's all bang, bang; no kiss, kiss”[29]. As the movie is more revolved around how physically powerful she is and not how pretty she looks, shows action movies are taking women more seriously, and not just seeing them as sex objects. Also the character is enigmatic, making her unpredictable, which connotes women are not banal and can adapt to any situation. Further more the fact The Bride has blonde hair and is not represented as a ‘blonde bimbo’, shows the film is subverting the stereotype of blonde women being passive and ‘dumb’, and promoting the fact women are just as capable and intelligent as men.
Although these movies represent women as intelligent, independent and active with in today’s society, it is evident in movies such as ‘Wanted’ and ‘Domino’, the female protagonist has something within her costume which symbolises she’s manly. This raises the question can women actually be powerful while being more feminine then masculine? In ‘Wanted’ Fox has various tattoo’s all over her body, which is more known to be a masculine characteristic, and with them she is more dominant. In ‘Domino’ Domino Harvey (Kiera Knightley) has very short hair. Long hair connotes femininity and youth, the fact it’s been taken away from her makes her more masculine and mature, connoting this will make her more powerful, which suggests a woman must be manlier in order to truly be powerful. Furthermore its clear women won’t get the same equality as men as women will always get paid less, even when they are playing the lead role in Hollywood blockbusters. “Male actors range from 1-20 million [where as] women’s range from 1-15 million”[30], this clearly shows men get paid more, which emphasises the inequality within society, and reinforces women will never break through the glass ceiling
Gaye Tuchman (1978) argues “when females have roles, they are mostly shown as being negative roles,”[31] and under represented, resulting in them being “symbolically annihilated”.[32] This is reinforced in some scenes and at the end of ‘Wanted’. It’s reinforced at the end as Fox is not the last one standing (like Ripley is in ‘Alien’), Wesley is, which connotes at the end of the day it is men who can survive through anything. In the beginning Wesley is represented as pathetic, weak and a nobody his girlfriend is “screwing” his best friend, he’s stuck in a dead end job, has no hope of being successful. A close up of him typing his name in the Google search engine, reveals “no result”, showing he’s not known. after there’s a long shot of him standing in the middle of office blocks, as he puts on his jacket it is in slow motion, and around him everyone’s moving fast, which connotes he’s alone and as the world is moving around him and he is isolated. The fact he is nobody is further emphasised when he is walking home and there’s non diegetic music with words saying “I think I used to have a purpose “, again showing he has no use in society. This is all changed when he meets Fox, his life turns around. The fact a women is changing a man’s life shows she’s influential. However towards the end this all changes as Wesley become more powerful. In the end scenes there’s a Long shot of Wesley jumping through the window, connoting he’s invincible, which is further emphasised when he gets shot in the arm and knifed but still manages to carry on fighting and wining.The butcher taunts him by calling him a “pussy”, showing the misogynistic views of women, the fact Wesley gets more aggrieve because of this remark connoting he doesn’t like being on a women’s level when it comes to fighting as men are better fighters and physically more powerful. Further more he holding two guns, the fact the gun represents power and he’s holding two, connotes he is more powerful, reinforcing men are more dominant. Typically it would be a woman who is changing to be accepted in society, in ‘Wanted’ it the man who is the "Sad suck guy is told that to be a man he has to drive a fast car, shoot people, and have an f-off attitude”[33], this shows it is now men who want to fit in society and impress the female.
“Film is such a male dominated industry,”[34] this is clearly true as all the female protagonists in action movies are in some way or another represented as sex objects, who are purely there for the male “visual pleasure” [35] according to Mulvey. This is manifested in ‘Wanted’ as the movie contains a scene where Fox comes out of a bath naked; a long shot exposes her back from head to toe. While she is coming out Wesley and another male stare, the fact that Fox knows they are watching connotes she is promiscuous. This scene conforms to the fact action movies must have an “erotic exhibition of women’s bodies on the screen”[36], and can never empower women with out it. Throughout the movie “her job is to cock triggers and look scrumptious"[37], this emphasises women are only there for show, and will never be taken seriously in the action genre. However in ‘Domino’, Domino uses her physical attractiveness and body to her advantage. This is when she is surrounded by men, connoting a patriarchal society, who want to kill her. She gives them a lap dance, however only to get what she wants, this connotes women are becoming smarter than men, as men will fall for anything.
In ‘Wanted’, although Fox is represented an action hero, she is still presented as an object for the ‘male gaze’. This is illustrated in the scene where she is naked while coming out of the bath; it is also evident in the opening scene. While Fox is rescuing the victim Wesley, there’s a close up of her legs, then a medium close up of Wesley looking, this shows even when a man is scared to death of dying, he still treats the women who is rescuing as a sex object. This also conforms to Mulvey’s theory of ‘looking’ is only for the males, in the movie or out in the audience. ‘Male gaze’ is also evident in other action movies such as ‘Charlie’s Angels’(2000). The ‘Angels’ may be represented as ‘kick ass’ heroines, but they are still subordinate to men. “The film is the equivalent of the 'dumb blonde' of action movies”[38], as Natalie (Cameron Diaz), Dylan (Drew Barrymore) and Alex (Lucy Liu) must only do what Charlie tells them to do, which shows the man is more intellectual the woman, reflecting a patriarchal society where men are “dominant and rule.”[39]
It is argued by theorists such as Sharon Smith (1972) “the role of a woman in a film almost always revolves around her physical appearance”[40], although action movies are presenting women as ruthless and tough individuals, what theorists such as Smith and Mulvey argue are true. Sarah Grinke argues “men and women are created equal and that women should be allowed the same liberties as men”[41], unfortunately in today’s action movies they are clearly represented differently, as women are looked at as objects. In ‘Wanted’ although the main female character is empowered, other women in the movie are not. For example Wesley’s girlfriend is represented as a “slut” who’s “fuckin his best friend”[42], one scene shows her having sexual intercourse with him, which shows action movies must contain at least one scene for “male gaze”. However in ‘Domino’, Domino uses her physical attractiveness and body to her advantage. This is when she is surrounded by men, connoting a patriarchal society, who want to kill her. She gives them a lap dance, however only to get what she wants, this connotes women are becoming smarter than men, as men will fall for anything.
It’s argued by Marxists such as Gramsci that these male directors (the ruling class) are injecting their dominant ideologies into the audience, which is women are inferior to men, which becomes ‘common sense’ to viewers that men are the dominant sex. However Marxist theory is outdated, and as times have changed so have the audience, as Marxists assume all audiences are passive when in actual fact audiences have become active. Theories such as the Reception theory, argues women may take an “oppositional reading”, and instead of remaining repressed by men, and not conform to the ideologies that are fed to them. In addition it is argued by theorists such as Kaplan and Kaja Silverman (1980), that “the gaze could be adopted by both male and female subjects: the male gaze is not always controlling the subject and nor is the female always a passive object”[43] meaning the female knows what she is doing, furthermore the female audience may aspire to be like the women in action movies. However it can be argued from a Marxists perspective women aspire to be like those women because, as they feel they must “impress [men] with their make-up and high heels”[44], as Greer (1999) suggested women are more under pressure to do so, as it has been embedded in their mind over and over again through the media. The “hypodermic needle theory is reinforced”[45] here as women are passive as they accept that they need to “impress” the opposite sex, or she will see herself as a “failure if she is not beautiful”[46].
In addition action movies promote misogynistic views of women. In ‘Wanted’ Wesley’s boss who is female is called degrading terms such as “pussy”, this implies the director is guilty of having “misogynistic views upon women” [47](Haskell 1973). Through out the movie other misogynistic terms for example in the voice over Wesley say “you wish you weren’t such a pussy”, he’s suggesting to be recognised as someone who is strong and dominant you can’t be a “pussy”. In other words acting like a woman, won’t empower you, which reflects the patriarchal society which we are still living in, it also exposes Bekmambetov misogynistic views. ‘Wanted’ is not the only movie to encourage misogynistic views, earlier movies such as “Basic Instinct” (Paul Verhoeven 1992), illustrates how directors are guilty of feeding their misogynistic views to the audience. This is manifested when Gus (George Dzundez) calls Catherine (Sharon Stone) a “bitch” and a “pussy”. This reflects the lack of respect men have for women as they see them as second class citizens. Again it can be argued from a Marxist perspective, these ideologies are reinforced through out these movies directed by males in order to keep women in their place, which is subordinate to men.
In conclusion, women are becoming noticed as being active with in society, as feminism helped break down barriers blocking women’s path of success, it is unfortunately still evident women will always be “looked at, objectified and sexualized by the male protagonist”[48] in the movie and by males in the audience. Although it is shown in contemporary texts such as ‘Wanted’ that women are becoming intellectually and physically stronger, there as still parts which degrade and put women down. This is the same for other texts such as ‘Charlie’s Angel’s’ and ‘Lara Croft: Tomb Raider’ who are represented as ‘ass-kicking’ but, also as sex objects. Why directors continuously use women action hero’s can either be because “Sex attracts – always has, probably always will”[49], or, they have realised empowered women make better movies as this is what the audience want to see.
Work Consulted
Websites
- http://community.channel4.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/8606038721/m/1980067829
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)
- http://imdb.com/title/tt0493464/
- http://imdb.com/title/tt0146316/
- http://living.scotsman.com/movies?articleid=4208635
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/03/99/tom_brook/387291.stm
- http://www.channel4.com/film/reviews/film.jsp?id=165408
- http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Marxists
- http://www.poem.co.uk/femmefatale.html
- http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/charlies_angels/
- http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/kill_bill_vol_1/
- http://www.wiki.answers.com/how_much_do_hollywood_actors_get_paid
[1] Wanted (2008)
[2] Mulvey, Laura (1975) “Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema”
[3] http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/wome_and_girls
[4] http://www.helium.com/items/125634-women-in-action-movies-empowered-role-models-or-chicks-with-guns
[5] Gauntlett (2002) ibid
[6] Clark Vivienne, Barker James, Lewis Eileen (2003) “Key Concepts & Skills for Media Studies” pg 26
[7] http://www.english.ufl.edu/imagetext/archives/v3_1/reviews/damasco.shtml
[8] Iness, Sherrie A. Ed. “Action Chicks: New Images of Tough Women in Popular Culture” New York: Palgrare Macmillan (2004)
[9] http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?DVDID=9572
[10] http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?DVDID=9572
[11] http://www.answers.com/topic/castration-complex
[12] Gauntlett David: “Media, Gender and Identity” (pg47)
[13] http://www.movies.nytimes.com/2008/06/27/movies/27want.html -by Manohla Dargo
[14] ‘Wanted’ (2008)
[15] Gauntlett, David (2002) “Media, Gender and Identity”
[16] http://www.poem.co.uk/femmefatale.html
[17] Bennett, Peter (2006) “A2 Media Studies: The Essential Introduction” pg 277
[18] B. Miles (1990) “Challenging Children: Sex Stereotyping as Prime T.V” pg43
[19] Bennett, Peter (2006) “A2 Media Studies: The Essential Introduction” pg 229
[20] Bennett, Jacquie (2005) “Media Studies AS & A2”
[21] http://www.filmsite.org/alie.html
[22] Lacey, Nick “Image and Representation” pg 218
[23] http://www.movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800020133/detalis
[24] ‘Alien’ (1979)
[25] http://www.movieviews.org/reviews/may-july2003.shtml
[26] http://www.helium.com/items/125634-women-in-action-movies-empowered-role-models-or-chicks-with-guns
[27] Davis, D.M (1990) “Portrayals of Women in Prime Time Network Television” pg43
[28] http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/kill_bill_vol_1/
[29] http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/kill_bill_vol_1/
[30] http://www.wiki.answers.com/how_much_do_hollywood_actors_get_paid
[31] http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_annihilation
[32]Tuchman G, 1978, ‘The symbolic annihilation of women in the mass media’
[33] http://movies.nytimes.com/2008/06/27/movies/27want.html
[34] Harris Naomie http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/03855141912_0638000.html
[35] Mulvey, Laura (1975) “Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema”
[36]Bennett, Peter (2006) “A2 Media Studies: The Essential Introduction”
[37] http://www.living.scotsman.com/movies?articleid=4208635
[38] http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/charlies_angels/
[39] Bennett , Jacquie (2005) “Media Studies AS & A2” pg 108
[40] Gauntlett, David (2002) “Media, Gender & Identity” pg48
[41]Jenainati Catha, Groves Jude, (2007) “Introducing Feminism”
[42] ‘Wanted’ (2008)
[43] Lbid
[44] Gauntlett, David (2002) “Media, Gender and Identity” pg 78
[45] Bennett, Jacquie(2005) “Media Studies: AS & A2” pg 86
[46] Greer G, (1999), ‘The whole woman’, London: Doubleday
[47]Nelmes, Jill (1996) “An Introduction to Film Studies – Third Edition” pg 248
[48] Mulvey, Laura (1975)
[49] http://www.mybusiness.co.uk/YYLO1iFotKRAKg.html
Word count: 3,435
Bibliography
Work Cited
Books
- Bennett, Jacquie (2005) “Media Studies AS & A2”
- Bennett, Peter (2006) “A2 Media Studies: The Essential Introduction”
- B. Miles (1990) “Challenging Children: Sex Stereotyping as Prime T.V”
- Clark Vivienne, Barker James, Lewis Eileen (2003) “Key Concepts & Skills for Media Studies”
- Davis, D.M (1990) “Portrayals of Women in Prime Time Network Television”
- Gauntlett David (2002): “Media, Gender and Identity”
- Greer G, (1999), ‘The whole woman’, London: Doubleday
- Iness, Sherrie A. Ed. “Action Chicks: New Images of Tough Women in Popular Culture” New York: Palgrare Macmillan (2004)
- Jenainati Catha, Groves Jude, (2007) “Introducing Feminism”
- Lacey, Nick “Image and Representation”
- Mulvey, Laura (1975) “Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema”
- Nelmes, Jill (1996) “An Introduction to Film Studies – Third Edition”
- Tuchman G, 1978, ‘The symbolic annihilation of women in the mass media’
Websites
- http://www.answers.com/topic/castration-complex
Answers.com, defining what castration anxiety is.
- http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?DVDID=9572
‘Charlie’s Angels: The Full Throttle’, plot summary.
- http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_annihilation
Outline on what symbolic annihilation is.
- http://www.filmsite.org/alie.html
Review of ‘Alien’ (1979) by Tim Dirks, it also gives brief outline of other ‘Alien’ movies.
- http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/03855141912_0638000.html
Article by Harris Naomie about how film is a male dominant industry
- http://www.helium.com/items/125634-women-in-action-movies-empowered-role-models-or-chicks-with-guns
Article titled ‘Women in action movies: Empowered role models or chicks with guns’. By Charlotte Starlet
- http://www.living.scotsman.com/movies?articleid=4208635
Film review of ‘Wanted’ (2008), by Siobhan Synnot
- http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/wome_and_girls
- http://www.movies.nytimes.com/2008/06/27/movies/27want.html
- http://www.movieviews.org/reviews/may-july2003.shtml
- http://www.movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800020133/detalis
- http://www.mybusiness.co.uk/YYLO1iFotKRAKg.html
“I'm the man? Yeah right…I'm the man. In fact, I'm so much the man that I have a standing prescription for medication to control my anxiety attacks.”[1]
Are women in action movies represented as empowered female role models or as sex objects? With Particular reference to “Wanted” (2008).
Females in action movies are being represented as independent, tough and empowered women in control, however only to an extent. Although women are shown to be active within society in action movies, they are still being portrayed as sex objects, who are the “subject of male gaze”[2]. Contemporary movies such as “Wanted”(2008) directed by Timur Bekmambetov, reflect the growth “in the presence and influence of women in media”[3] as the protagonist, Fox, is played by a notorious female actor, Angelina Jolie, who is well known for her empowering roles in action movies. Historically, action movies were recognized as being male dominated, however “as times have changed so have women’s role in society”[4] resulting in the types of roles they play in movies.
In the past women playing lead roles in movies were rare, however since “movie producers have realised that kick ass heroine do better business”[5] we see more women in action movies. The “dominance of the male hero in this genre was challenged by Sigourney Weaver’s Ripley in ‘Alien’ (Scott, 1979), followed by Linda Hamilton’s Sarah Connor in ‘The Terminator’ in 1984 and Angelina Jolie in ‘Lara Croft: Tomb Raider’”[6]. Now it is being challenged by Angelina Jolie’s Fox in ‘Wanted’. ‘Wanted’ is an action-fantasy. It follows conventions of both as the fast cars, explosions, and guns clearly connote action; where as an ordinary guy turning into the number one assassin clearly conveys fantasy. Bekmambetov reverses Propp’s narrative theory of the hero rescuing the ‘damsel in distress’, as Fox rescues the male character (Wesley) in the opening of the movie. This shows the woman is in control opposed to the man. Recently, there has been an “emergence of the tough female heroine as a popular media icon [which] is simultaneously celebrated”[7]. This is reflected in ‘Wanted’. From the beginning Fox is represented as a “fighting female”[8] who takes control of the situation. When Fox rescues Wesley from being killed, she is the one who is in the driving seat of the car, which represents women as the stronger sex. However the gun and the gear stick can be seen as a ‘phallic symbol’, which then connotes women must make up for what they have not got (a penis) in order to be powerful, which suggests men are truly the stronger sex.
The Freudian theory suggests “men unconsciously see women as castrated and this causes them to feel anxiety which is why fertishization objects are used in order to reduce anxiety.”[9] So the reason for having a phallic symbol is so men do not feel threatened. In every action movie where the female is the protagonist, this is clearly evident, as there is the need for a phallic symbol, usually a gun, which is also a typical convention for action genre. One examples is “Lara Croft: Tomb Raider”, the leading female, Lara (played by Angelina Jolie) must sleep with a knife. The knife can be seen as a phallic symbol, put there by the male director to stop “castration anxiety”[10] in order to stop losing “power or control”[11]. In addition the knife also symbolises Lara’s power, as she’s one step ahead of men, which is shown in medium shot of when a male attacker tries to sneak up on her during her sleep and of course she is prepared with her knife.
Traditionally it’s not known for the female to “lead the story…make the central decisions…save her male collegue [or be] the star of the film”[12], this is clearly not the case in nowadays as females are continuously being represented as strong, in control, powerful and smarter then men in action movies. ‘Wanted’ not only shows Fox’s strength through the use of phallic symbols, as Fox has “pin skinny arms, [and yet makes] beating up a guy look so easy and yeah, man, like fun”[13]. This challenges stereotypes and shows women are just as capable of being as physically powerful as men; which is evident through out the movie. For example during the scene when Fox rescues Wesley, he begs her to “drive faster”[14], which connotes she’s the dominant one who is control of the situation, the fact he begs her, further connotes he needs her to survive. Female viewers who lack confidence may also feel empowered and believe they can do any thing if they put there mind to it, as they are seeing it is possible on screen. It also emphasises men are loosing control as women are “increasingly [becoming] assertive, successful and triumphing in all roles, men are said to be anxious and confused about what their role is today”[15], in other words “crisis in masculinity”.
However due to this ‘crisis’ movies have been made which show the backlash of powerful women since feminism. One early example a backlash movie is “Fatal Attraction” (1987), where Glenn Close plays Alex Forrest, who has an affair with a married man. She is represented as seductive, beautiful and a woman who has power within her job, but because of this she is also presented as a “femme fatale”[16]. This is shown as she begins to stalk the married man after he ended it with her; the stalking gradually becomes more dangerous as the movie progresses. It can be argued from a Marxist perspective that the “dominant ideology” being promoted here, is women who are successful and independent are no good and dangerous, as Alex is represented a vindictive woman. The Backlash against powerful women is still evident in contemporary movies such as “Death Race” (2008), as Warden Hennessey (Joan Allen) who is the “judge, jury and prosecution”, because of this she is represented as a “femme fatale” creating a strong resentment towards her profession. Moreover her death in the end symbolises the death of women in power, emphasising women should stick to easy jobs.
Historically men were shown as “active, providing and tough individuals who drives the narrative forward, where as [women were] passive, home orientated and emotional”[17]. Miles (1975) found “action adventure shows only 15% of the leading characters were women”[18] This all changed when “the second wave [of] feminism”[19] took place and there was a “presence in society for equality”[20] and “personal became political”, the zeitgeist of this era is reflected in the action sci-fi film “Alien” (1979), even though the movie it self is set in the future. ‘Alien’ was one of the first action movies to have an active empowered female lead role, which was played by Sigourney Weaver (Ripley) who is a “resourceful, self-reliant, hard-assed, feminist action heroine”[21]. Although the director (Ridley Scott) “never intended [to have the lead role] played by a female”[22], nonetheless it was a huge success and made “$1,983,690”[23], in fact it was so successful they made sequel. Ellen Ripley is seen as an action hero like Fox in ‘Wanted’, through out the movie Ripley thrives to gain control, which reflects the fact women were trying to gain equality during the 70’s and 80’s. In the beginning Ripley is repressed by the male character Ash who abruptly tells her “there’s no point”[24] of her trying to help as she can not do anything, towards the end she gains independence and control. This is shown when she physically grabs and throws Ash about the room, showing she is physically stronger, which connotes women will gain control in society no matter what men want. This is emphasised in the end as she is the last one standing and alive, which connotes women’s independence was starting to come alive during that period. The character Ripley is similar to Fox in ‘Wanted’ as both of them are represented as “ass-kicking females”[25]. However throughout both movies there are more men in the scenes, reflecting the society is still very patriarchal, and emphasise the fact that action movies are a “typically male dominant genre”.[26]
Davis (1990) found women leading characters “doubled to 29%”[27]; this is clearly evident as women now “perform the role of the action hero” in movies, thanks to movies such as ‘Alien’ and ‘Kill Bill’. The influences of female actors such as Angelina Jolie, Lucy Lui, Uma Thurman, Keira Knightley and Sigourney Weaver have made it possible for the female audience to have an empowered and strong women role models. Also the rise of female actors playing lead roles in action movies shows the change in society accepting women as independent role models as the success of all these movies show it. For example Uma Therman’s role as the Bride in “Kill Bill: Vol 1” (2003) was so successful a sequel was made. Again, “Charlie’s Angel’s” (2000) was so successful another two were produced, “Lara Croft: Tomb Raider” was successful “Lara Croft: Cradle to the Grave” was produced. Furthermore all the female protagonists in action movies are active and in charge of their actions. For example in the movie ‘Kill Bill: Vol 1’ described as “brutally bloody and thrillingly callous from first to last”[28]. Uma Thurman plays The Bride, her costume does not involve heavy make up, revealing clothing or even long glossy hair, in fact “it's all bang, bang; no kiss, kiss”[29]. As the movie is more revolved around how physically powerful she is and not how pretty she looks, shows action movies are taking women more seriously, and not just seeing them as sex objects. Also the character is enigmatic, making her unpredictable, which connotes women are not banal and can adapt to any situation. Further more the fact The Bride has blonde hair and is not represented as a ‘blonde bimbo’, shows the film is subverting the stereotype of blonde women being passive and ‘dumb’, and promoting the fact women are just as capable and intelligent as men.
Although these movies represent women as intelligent, independent and active with in today’s society, it is evident in movies such as ‘Wanted’ and ‘Domino’, the female protagonist has something within her costume which symbolises she’s manly. This raises the question can women actually be powerful while being more feminine then masculine? In ‘Wanted’ Fox has various tattoo’s all over her body, which is more known to be a masculine characteristic, and with them she is more dominant. In ‘Domino’ Domino Harvey (Kiera Knightley) has very short hair. Long hair connotes femininity and youth, the fact it’s been taken away from her makes her more masculine and mature, connoting this will make her more powerful, which suggests a woman must be manlier in order to truly be powerful. Furthermore its clear women won’t get the same equality as men as women will always get paid less, even when they are playing the lead role in Hollywood blockbusters. “Male actors range from 1-20 million [where as] women’s range from 1-15 million”[30], this clearly shows men get paid more, which emphasises the inequality within society, and reinforces women will never break through the glass ceiling
Gaye Tuchman (1978) argues “when females have roles, they are mostly shown as being negative roles,”[31] and under represented, resulting in them being “symbolically annihilated”.[32] This is reinforced in some scenes and at the end of ‘Wanted’. It’s reinforced at the end as Fox is not the last one standing (like Ripley is in ‘Alien’), Wesley is, which connotes at the end of the day it is men who can survive through anything. In the beginning Wesley is represented as pathetic, weak and a nobody his girlfriend is “screwing” his best friend, he’s stuck in a dead end job, has no hope of being successful. A close up of him typing his name in the Google search engine, reveals “no result”, showing he’s not known. after there’s a long shot of him standing in the middle of office blocks, as he puts on his jacket it is in slow motion, and around him everyone’s moving fast, which connotes he’s alone and as the world is moving around him and he is isolated. The fact he is nobody is further emphasised when he is walking home and there’s non diegetic music with words saying “I think I used to have a purpose “, again showing he has no use in society. This is all changed when he meets Fox, his life turns around. The fact a women is changing a man’s life shows she’s influential. However towards the end this all changes as Wesley become more powerful. In the end scenes there’s a Long shot of Wesley jumping through the window, connoting he’s invincible, which is further emphasised when he gets shot in the arm and knifed but still manages to carry on fighting and wining.The butcher taunts him by calling him a “pussy”, showing the misogynistic views of women, the fact Wesley gets more aggrieve because of this remark connoting he doesn’t like being on a women’s level when it comes to fighting as men are better fighters and physically more powerful. Further more he holding two guns, the fact the gun represents power and he’s holding two, connotes he is more powerful, reinforcing men are more dominant. Typically it would be a woman who is changing to be accepted in society, in ‘Wanted’ it the man who is the "Sad suck guy is told that to be a man he has to drive a fast car, shoot people, and have an f-off attitude”[33], this shows it is now men who want to fit in society and impress the female.
“Film is such a male dominated industry,”[34] this is clearly true as all the female protagonists in action movies are in some way or another represented as sex objects, who are purely there for the male “visual pleasure” [35] according to Mulvey. This is manifested in ‘Wanted’ as the movie contains a scene where Fox comes out of a bath naked; a long shot exposes her back from head to toe. While she is coming out Wesley and another male stare, the fact that Fox knows they are watching connotes she is promiscuous. This scene conforms to the fact action movies must have an “erotic exhibition of women’s bodies on the screen”[36], and can never empower women with out it. Throughout the movie “her job is to cock triggers and look scrumptious"[37], this emphasises women are only there for show, and will never be taken seriously in the action genre. However in ‘Domino’, Domino uses her physical attractiveness and body to her advantage. This is when she is surrounded by men, connoting a patriarchal society, who want to kill her. She gives them a lap dance, however only to get what she wants, this connotes women are becoming smarter than men, as men will fall for anything.
In ‘Wanted’, although Fox is represented an action hero, she is still presented as an object for the ‘male gaze’. This is illustrated in the scene where she is naked while coming out of the bath; it is also evident in the opening scene. While Fox is rescuing the victim Wesley, there’s a close up of her legs, then a medium close up of Wesley looking, this shows even when a man is scared to death of dying, he still treats the women who is rescuing as a sex object. This also conforms to Mulvey’s theory of ‘looking’ is only for the males, in the movie or out in the audience. ‘Male gaze’ is also evident in other action movies such as ‘Charlie’s Angels’(2000). The ‘Angels’ may be represented as ‘kick ass’ heroines, but they are still subordinate to men. “The film is the equivalent of the 'dumb blonde' of action movies”[38], as Natalie (Cameron Diaz), Dylan (Drew Barrymore) and Alex (Lucy Liu) must only do what Charlie tells them to do, which shows the man is more intellectual the woman, reflecting a patriarchal society where men are “dominant and rule.”[39]
It is argued by theorists such as Sharon Smith (1972) “the role of a woman in a film almost always revolves around her physical appearance”[40], although action movies are presenting women as ruthless and tough individuals, what theorists such as Smith and Mulvey argue are true. Sarah Grinke argues “men and women are created equal and that women should be allowed the same liberties as men”[41], unfortunately in today’s action movies they are clearly represented differently, as women are looked at as objects. In ‘Wanted’ although the main female character is empowered, other women in the movie are not. For example Wesley’s girlfriend is represented as a “slut” who’s “fuckin his best friend”[42], one scene shows her having sexual intercourse with him, which shows action movies must contain at least one scene for “male gaze”. However in ‘Domino’, Domino uses her physical attractiveness and body to her advantage. This is when she is surrounded by men, connoting a patriarchal society, who want to kill her. She gives them a lap dance, however only to get what she wants, this connotes women are becoming smarter than men, as men will fall for anything.
It’s argued by Marxists such as Gramsci that these male directors (the ruling class) are injecting their dominant ideologies into the audience, which is women are inferior to men, which becomes ‘common sense’ to viewers that men are the dominant sex. However Marxist theory is outdated, and as times have changed so have the audience, as Marxists assume all audiences are passive when in actual fact audiences have become active. Theories such as the Reception theory, argues women may take an “oppositional reading”, and instead of remaining repressed by men, and not conform to the ideologies that are fed to them. In addition it is argued by theorists such as Kaplan and Kaja Silverman (1980), that “the gaze could be adopted by both male and female subjects: the male gaze is not always controlling the subject and nor is the female always a passive object”[43] meaning the female knows what she is doing, furthermore the female audience may aspire to be like the women in action movies. However it can be argued from a Marxists perspective women aspire to be like those women because, as they feel they must “impress [men] with their make-up and high heels”[44], as Greer (1999) suggested women are more under pressure to do so, as it has been embedded in their mind over and over again through the media. The “hypodermic needle theory is reinforced”[45] here as women are passive as they accept that they need to “impress” the opposite sex, or she will see herself as a “failure if she is not beautiful”[46].
In addition action movies promote misogynistic views of women. In ‘Wanted’ Wesley’s boss who is female is called degrading terms such as “pussy”, this implies the director is guilty of having “misogynistic views upon women” [47](Haskell 1973). Through out the movie other misogynistic terms for example in the voice over Wesley say “you wish you weren’t such a pussy”, he’s suggesting to be recognised as someone who is strong and dominant you can’t be a “pussy”. In other words acting like a woman, won’t empower you, which reflects the patriarchal society which we are still living in, it also exposes Bekmambetov misogynistic views. ‘Wanted’ is not the only movie to encourage misogynistic views, earlier movies such as “Basic Instinct” (Paul Verhoeven 1992), illustrates how directors are guilty of feeding their misogynistic views to the audience. This is manifested when Gus (George Dzundez) calls Catherine (Sharon Stone) a “bitch” and a “pussy”. This reflects the lack of respect men have for women as they see them as second class citizens. Again it can be argued from a Marxist perspective, these ideologies are reinforced through out these movies directed by males in order to keep women in their place, which is subordinate to men.
In conclusion, women are becoming noticed as being active with in society, as feminism helped break down barriers blocking women’s path of success, it is unfortunately still evident women will always be “looked at, objectified and sexualized by the male protagonist”[48] in the movie and by males in the audience. Although it is shown in contemporary texts such as ‘Wanted’ that women are becoming intellectually and physically stronger, there as still parts which degrade and put women down. This is the same for other texts such as ‘Charlie’s Angel’s’ and ‘Lara Croft: Tomb Raider’ who are represented as ‘ass-kicking’ but, also as sex objects. Why directors continuously use women action hero’s can either be because “Sex attracts – always has, probably always will”[49], or, they have realised empowered women make better movies as this is what the audience want to see.
Work Consulted
Websites
- http://community.channel4.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/8606038721/m/1980067829
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)
- http://imdb.com/title/tt0493464/
- http://imdb.com/title/tt0146316/
- http://living.scotsman.com/movies?articleid=4208635
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/03/99/tom_brook/387291.stm
- http://www.channel4.com/film/reviews/film.jsp?id=165408
- http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Marxists
- http://www.poem.co.uk/femmefatale.html
- http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/charlies_angels/
- http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/kill_bill_vol_1/
- http://www.wiki.answers.com/how_much_do_hollywood_actors_get_paid
[1] Wanted (2008)
[2] Mulvey, Laura (1975) “Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema”
[3] http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/wome_and_girls
[4] http://www.helium.com/items/125634-women-in-action-movies-empowered-role-models-or-chicks-with-guns
[5] Gauntlett (2002) ibid
[6] Clark Vivienne, Barker James, Lewis Eileen (2003) “Key Concepts & Skills for Media Studies” pg 26
[7] http://www.english.ufl.edu/imagetext/archives/v3_1/reviews/damasco.shtml
[8] Iness, Sherrie A. Ed. “Action Chicks: New Images of Tough Women in Popular Culture” New York: Palgrare Macmillan (2004)
[9] http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?DVDID=9572
[10] http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?DVDID=9572
[11] http://www.answers.com/topic/castration-complex
[12] Gauntlett David: “Media, Gender and Identity” (pg47)
[13] http://www.movies.nytimes.com/2008/06/27/movies/27want.html -by Manohla Dargo
[14] ‘Wanted’ (2008)
[15] Gauntlett, David (2002) “Media, Gender and Identity”
[16] http://www.poem.co.uk/femmefatale.html
[17] Bennett, Peter (2006) “A2 Media Studies: The Essential Introduction” pg 277
[18] B. Miles (1990) “Challenging Children: Sex Stereotyping as Prime T.V” pg43
[19] Bennett, Peter (2006) “A2 Media Studies: The Essential Introduction” pg 229
[20] Bennett, Jacquie (2005) “Media Studies AS & A2”
[21] http://www.filmsite.org/alie.html
[22] Lacey, Nick “Image and Representation” pg 218
[23] http://www.movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800020133/detalis
[24] ‘Alien’ (1979)
[25] http://www.movieviews.org/reviews/may-july2003.shtml
[26] http://www.helium.com/items/125634-women-in-action-movies-empowered-role-models-or-chicks-with-guns
[27] Davis, D.M (1990) “Portrayals of Women in Prime Time Network Television” pg43
[28] http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/kill_bill_vol_1/
[29] http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/kill_bill_vol_1/
[30] http://www.wiki.answers.com/how_much_do_hollywood_actors_get_paid
[31] http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_annihilation
[32]Tuchman G, 1978, ‘The symbolic annihilation of women in the mass media’
[33] http://movies.nytimes.com/2008/06/27/movies/27want.html
[34] Harris Naomie http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/03855141912_0638000.html
[35] Mulvey, Laura (1975) “Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema”
[36]Bennett, Peter (2006) “A2 Media Studies: The Essential Introduction”
[37] http://www.living.scotsman.com/movies?articleid=4208635
[38] http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/charlies_angels/
[39] Bennett , Jacquie (2005) “Media Studies AS & A2” pg 108
[40] Gauntlett, David (2002) “Media, Gender & Identity” pg48
[41]Jenainati Catha, Groves Jude, (2007) “Introducing Feminism”
[42] ‘Wanted’ (2008)
[43] Lbid
[44] Gauntlett, David (2002) “Media, Gender and Identity” pg 78
[45] Bennett, Jacquie(2005) “Media Studies: AS & A2” pg 86
[46] Greer G, (1999), ‘The whole woman’, London: Doubleday
[47]Nelmes, Jill (1996) “An Introduction to Film Studies – Third Edition” pg 248
[48] Mulvey, Laura (1975)
[49] http://www.mybusiness.co.uk/YYLO1iFotKRAKg.html
Word count: 3,435
Bibliography
Work Cited
Books
- Bennett, Jacquie (2005) “Media Studies AS & A2”
- Bennett, Peter (2006) “A2 Media Studies: The Essential Introduction”
- B. Miles (1990) “Challenging Children: Sex Stereotyping as Prime T.V”
- Clark Vivienne, Barker James, Lewis Eileen (2003) “Key Concepts & Skills for Media Studies”
- Davis, D.M (1990) “Portrayals of Women in Prime Time Network Television”
- Gauntlett David (2002): “Media, Gender and Identity”
- Greer G, (1999), ‘The whole woman’, London: Doubleday
- Iness, Sherrie A. Ed. “Action Chicks: New Images of Tough Women in Popular Culture” New York: Palgrare Macmillan (2004)
- Jenainati Catha, Groves Jude, (2007) “Introducing Feminism”
- Lacey, Nick “Image and Representation”
- Mulvey, Laura (1975) “Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema”
- Nelmes, Jill (1996) “An Introduction to Film Studies – Third Edition”
- Tuchman G, 1978, ‘The symbolic annihilation of women in the mass media’
Websites
- http://www.answers.com/topic/castration-complex
Answers.com, defining what castration anxiety is.
- http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?DVDID=9572
‘Charlie’s Angels: The Full Throttle’, plot summary.
- http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_annihilation
Outline on what symbolic annihilation is.
- http://www.filmsite.org/alie.html
Review of ‘Alien’ (1979) by Tim Dirks, it also gives brief outline of other ‘Alien’ movies.
- http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/03855141912_0638000.html
Article by Harris Naomie about how film is a male dominant industry
- http://www.helium.com/items/125634-women-in-action-movies-empowered-role-models-or-chicks-with-guns
Article titled ‘Women in action movies: Empowered role models or chicks with guns’. By Charlotte Starlet
- http://www.living.scotsman.com/movies?articleid=4208635
Film review of ‘Wanted’ (2008), by Siobhan Synnot
- http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/wome_and_girls
- http://www.movies.nytimes.com/2008/06/27/movies/27want.html
- http://www.movieviews.org/reviews/may-july2003.shtml
- http://www.movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800020133/detalis
- http://www.mybusiness.co.uk/YYLO1iFotKRAKg.html
Thursday, 2 April 2009
Halloween Uk
If I was to remake this film in the Uk I would repeat some elements but not all. For example the narrative would pretty much stay the same. I would however change the setting from suburban to the city i.e. London. Also instead of the characters being middle class they would be working class. I feel these changes would make it scarier as it something the audience isn’t familiar with, therefore won’t be able to compare to the slasher movies which are set in rural areas, also the fact the characters have potential help everywhere but don’t get any, could reflect help I hard to get making it more shocking and scary.
I would keep the theme song as it creates the Halloween setting, I would also keep the Mike Myers mask and character, as it’s something the audience is already scared of. Also because the rise of technology I can use a lot more special effects therefore make it more shocking with the killings. Also instead of having a final girl I would have a final boy, as this would surprise audiences who know there’s always a final girl.
If I was to remake this film in the Uk I would repeat some elements but not all. For example the narrative would pretty much stay the same. I would however change the setting from suburban to the city i.e. London. Also instead of the characters being middle class they would be working class. I feel these changes would make it scarier as it something the audience isn’t familiar with, therefore won’t be able to compare to the slasher movies which are set in rural areas, also the fact the characters have potential help everywhere but don’t get any, could reflect help I hard to get making it more shocking and scary.
I would keep the theme song as it creates the Halloween setting, I would also keep the Mike Myers mask and character, as it’s something the audience is already scared of. Also because the rise of technology I can use a lot more special effects therefore make it more shocking with the killings. Also instead of having a final girl I would have a final boy, as this would surprise audiences who know there’s always a final girl.
Friday the 13th franchise
This franchise is based on the character Jason Voorhees who drowned at Camp Green Lake, this lake become ‘cursed’.
This film has a lot of sequals:
Friday the 13th (1980)
Friday the 13th Part 2
Friday the 13th Part III
Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter
Friday the 13th: A New Beginning
Part VI: Jason Lives
Part VII: The New Blood
Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan
Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday
Jason X
Freddy vs. Jason
Friday the 13th (2009)
The original film was created to cash in on the success of John Carpenter's Halloween (1978), and its own success led Paramount Pictures to purchase the full licensing rights to the Friday the 13th franchise. Frank Mancuso, Jr., who produced the films, also developed the television show Friday the 13th: The Series after Paramount released Jason Takes Manhattan.
This franchise is based on the character Jason Voorhees who drowned at Camp Green Lake, this lake become ‘cursed’.
This film has a lot of sequals:
Friday the 13th (1980)
Friday the 13th Part 2
Friday the 13th Part III
Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter
Friday the 13th: A New Beginning
Part VI: Jason Lives
Part VII: The New Blood
Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan
Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday
Jason X
Freddy vs. Jason
Friday the 13th (2009)
The original film was created to cash in on the success of John Carpenter's Halloween (1978), and its own success led Paramount Pictures to purchase the full licensing rights to the Friday the 13th franchise. Frank Mancuso, Jr., who produced the films, also developed the television show Friday the 13th: The Series after Paramount released Jason Takes Manhattan.
‘Nightmare on Elm Street’ franchise
The first one was released in 1984, this was also written and directed by Wes Craven, and became the most popular horror movie of its time. It’s based around the character Freddy Kruger who kills teens in their sleep. This franchise consitst of 8 slasher movies, a television show, a novel and comic books. Now New Line Cinema haven taken the character to movie such as ‘Freddy vs Jason’. 1988, a television series was produced with Freddy as the host. The pilot episode focused on the night Freddy was burned alive by the angry parents of the children he had killed, though the rest of the series featured episodes with independent plots. Twelve novels, separate from the adaptations of the films, and multiple comic book series were published featuring Freddy Krueger. Micheal Bay and his production team are looking to reboot the Nightmare on Elm Street Franchise, the film is scheduled to be released on 16th April, 2010).
The first one was released in 1984, this was also written and directed by Wes Craven, and became the most popular horror movie of its time. It’s based around the character Freddy Kruger who kills teens in their sleep. This franchise consitst of 8 slasher movies, a television show, a novel and comic books. Now New Line Cinema haven taken the character to movie such as ‘Freddy vs Jason’. 1988, a television series was produced with Freddy as the host. The pilot episode focused on the night Freddy was burned alive by the angry parents of the children he had killed, though the rest of the series featured episodes with independent plots. Twelve novels, separate from the adaptations of the films, and multiple comic book series were published featuring Freddy Krueger. Micheal Bay and his production team are looking to reboot the Nightmare on Elm Street Franchise, the film is scheduled to be released on 16th April, 2010).
“Scream" Franchise
Scream- 1996 Directed by Wes Carven, who also directed “Nightmare on Elm Street”
It revitalised the slasher film genre in the mid 1990’s, the two main films which are referred to throughout the film are ‘Halloween’ and ‘Nightmare on Elm Street’. The movie ‘Scream’ uses irony which was recognised as a device which carried on in the rest of the ‘Scream’ movies. Foe example when the character Randy lists all the typical conventions which happen in o Slasher movie, which ironically is happening to that group of teens. The fact that they know the signs and don’t react to them is ironic. Its also ironic that Sydney’s mums death and the deaths happening in her small town are related.
Scream 2- (1997)
This movie following from the first also uses irony as in the beginning its ironic that the first couple in the movie are murdered during the same time when they went to watch a preview of the movie “Stab”, which of course connotes death. Also once again Randy discusses the “rules” in a slasher movie, pointing out the obvious which know one has yet managed to overcome. Of course in the end the killer turns out to be the mother of Sydney’s previous boyfriend, Mrs Loomis, which kind of follows the twist of Friday the 13th , as the mother kills people for her son.
Scream 3- (2000)
Sydney has now moved to an excluded area in California, of course how ironic to move in the middle of nowhere. The cast and crew of the latest movie are ironically being killed one by one; the guy who was wrongfully convicted of Sydney’s mum murder is also murdered for not giving up Sydney’s whereabouts. So that eliminates him from being the suspect again. The killer reveals himself to be Roman (who had faked his own murder), the connection being that he is Maureen's illegitimate son and Sidney's half-brother. He brings out John (who had been gagged and stuffed at a corner of the room) and kills him in front of Sidney. It is further revealed that Roman is a product of rape, which occurred during Maureen's brief stint as a movie actress. Roman tells Sidney that her mother left her father and cheated on him with Hank Loomis, causing Mrs. Loomis to leave her husband. Roman told Billy Loomis why his mother had left his father, and convinced him to kill Maureen. Roman also told Billy to have an accomplice who was weak and easily willing to help him out, which turned out to be Stu Macher
HOW IT’S POST-MODERN. It can be argued it’s post-modern as it embodies various genres of movies to create it own new form. For example the way it uses irony can be kind of seen as comical.
Pastiche- postmodern playwriting technique that fuses a variety of styles, genres, and story lines to create a new form- This is relevant to scream as the director has used different genres from different movies and embedded them into Scream. For example ‘Nightmare on Elm Street’ as it’s a sci-fi.
Irony- an outcome of events that is the opposite of what was, or might have been, expected. Its ironic how the teenagers themselves know the typical conventions of slasher films, but yet still manage to become a victim of one.
Intertextuality- is the shaping of texts' meanings by other texts. It can refer to an author’s borrowing and transformation of a prior text. This is relevant as the film itself makes references to films such as ‘Nightmare on Elm Street’ and ‘Texas Chainsaw Massacre’
Scream- 1996 Directed by Wes Carven, who also directed “Nightmare on Elm Street”
It revitalised the slasher film genre in the mid 1990’s, the two main films which are referred to throughout the film are ‘Halloween’ and ‘Nightmare on Elm Street’. The movie ‘Scream’ uses irony which was recognised as a device which carried on in the rest of the ‘Scream’ movies. Foe example when the character Randy lists all the typical conventions which happen in o Slasher movie, which ironically is happening to that group of teens. The fact that they know the signs and don’t react to them is ironic. Its also ironic that Sydney’s mums death and the deaths happening in her small town are related.
Scream 2- (1997)
This movie following from the first also uses irony as in the beginning its ironic that the first couple in the movie are murdered during the same time when they went to watch a preview of the movie “Stab”, which of course connotes death. Also once again Randy discusses the “rules” in a slasher movie, pointing out the obvious which know one has yet managed to overcome. Of course in the end the killer turns out to be the mother of Sydney’s previous boyfriend, Mrs Loomis, which kind of follows the twist of Friday the 13th , as the mother kills people for her son.
Scream 3- (2000)
Sydney has now moved to an excluded area in California, of course how ironic to move in the middle of nowhere. The cast and crew of the latest movie are ironically being killed one by one; the guy who was wrongfully convicted of Sydney’s mum murder is also murdered for not giving up Sydney’s whereabouts. So that eliminates him from being the suspect again. The killer reveals himself to be Roman (who had faked his own murder), the connection being that he is Maureen's illegitimate son and Sidney's half-brother. He brings out John (who had been gagged and stuffed at a corner of the room) and kills him in front of Sidney. It is further revealed that Roman is a product of rape, which occurred during Maureen's brief stint as a movie actress. Roman tells Sidney that her mother left her father and cheated on him with Hank Loomis, causing Mrs. Loomis to leave her husband. Roman told Billy Loomis why his mother had left his father, and convinced him to kill Maureen. Roman also told Billy to have an accomplice who was weak and easily willing to help him out, which turned out to be Stu Macher
HOW IT’S POST-MODERN. It can be argued it’s post-modern as it embodies various genres of movies to create it own new form. For example the way it uses irony can be kind of seen as comical.
Pastiche- postmodern playwriting technique that fuses a variety of styles, genres, and story lines to create a new form- This is relevant to scream as the director has used different genres from different movies and embedded them into Scream. For example ‘Nightmare on Elm Street’ as it’s a sci-fi.
Irony- an outcome of events that is the opposite of what was, or might have been, expected. Its ironic how the teenagers themselves know the typical conventions of slasher films, but yet still manage to become a victim of one.
Intertextuality- is the shaping of texts' meanings by other texts. It can refer to an author’s borrowing and transformation of a prior text. This is relevant as the film itself makes references to films such as ‘Nightmare on Elm Street’ and ‘Texas Chainsaw Massacre’
Friday, 13 March 2009
UNIT 1
-Genre is an important concept throughout film and media studies and is becoming familiar in every day use
-Genre are not ‘fixed’, we use genre to help us understand films and the processes of making them.
- It's a concept that allows and helps scholars to study films, film making and the audience’s response for these films
UNIT 2
- Genres are actually dynamic, the definition of any particular genres is Fluid
- Iconography can be both visual image and sound image
- Most genres offer a narrative of "Reassurance"
- Some characters are so “tightly" associated with the genre that they then become "Generic types"
UNIT 3
-"Hollywood is a generic cinema, which is not quite the same as saying it is a cinema of genres" Richard Maltby, 1995
- Genre began to decline because genre theorist argued that "genres began as fairly loose groupings that gradually evolved towards a "mature" or "classic" period."
- "B" films and genres, like genre fiction, were seen as "low status" by critics and commentators
UNIT 4
There different pleasures that audiences get from film genres. These pleasures are:
1. Emotional Pleasures-Some genres are generically designed to make the audience feel emotional in different ways
2. Visceral Pleasures- This is how the film is style to have a physical effect on audiences
3. Intellectual Puzzles- This allows the audience to interact and allows them to try and unravel the mystery of "whodunnit"
4. Counter-Culture Attraction- Where the audience can unravel the genre from the conventions of the the films or in other words, the "Repertoire of Elements"
UNIT5
"Ellis" stated that "Stars hold a "promise" to audiences"
Film theorist "Dyer" stated that Stars are seen as "Commodity", which is an important asset or element of making and selling a film
The relationship between stars and genrer are fluid
-Genre is an important concept throughout film and media studies and is becoming familiar in every day use
-Genre are not ‘fixed’, we use genre to help us understand films and the processes of making them.
- It's a concept that allows and helps scholars to study films, film making and the audience’s response for these films
UNIT 2
- Genres are actually dynamic, the definition of any particular genres is Fluid
- Iconography can be both visual image and sound image
- Most genres offer a narrative of "Reassurance"
- Some characters are so “tightly" associated with the genre that they then become "Generic types"
UNIT 3
-"Hollywood is a generic cinema, which is not quite the same as saying it is a cinema of genres" Richard Maltby, 1995
- Genre began to decline because genre theorist argued that "genres began as fairly loose groupings that gradually evolved towards a "mature" or "classic" period."
- "B" films and genres, like genre fiction, were seen as "low status" by critics and commentators
UNIT 4
There different pleasures that audiences get from film genres. These pleasures are:
1. Emotional Pleasures-Some genres are generically designed to make the audience feel emotional in different ways
2. Visceral Pleasures- This is how the film is style to have a physical effect on audiences
3. Intellectual Puzzles- This allows the audience to interact and allows them to try and unravel the mystery of "whodunnit"
4. Counter-Culture Attraction- Where the audience can unravel the genre from the conventions of the the films or in other words, the "Repertoire of Elements"
UNIT5
"Ellis" stated that "Stars hold a "promise" to audiences"
Film theorist "Dyer" stated that Stars are seen as "Commodity", which is an important asset or element of making and selling a film
The relationship between stars and genrer are fluid
Monday, 16 February 2009
ARTICLES ON ASIANS
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/feb/04/india-women
"I debated with an Asian woman named Nirmala on the BBC Asian Network radio station, who emphatically believed Asian women should not drink or be seen in bars, and could give no other explanation for her reasoning"
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/jan/30/india
"But what is depressing is how the post-film discussion by the Indian elite has remained stalled. Rather than soul searching about the future of slums, we have irritation that a western film about India should win more international accolades than homegrown cinema. On top of that comes the accusation that the west's fascination with "poverty porn" is voyeuristic, that the west somehow fails to understand India."
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/mar/21/radio.raceintheuk
"One in 10 BBC staff are now from ethnic minorities and account for 4.4% of senior management at the BBC. British Asians form 4% of the population and ethnic minorities represent 8% of all Britons."
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/jan/24/broadcasting.mondaymediasection
This article shows the most powerful british asians, and explains what each of them do. For example number:
"1 Waheed AlliAge: 40 Labour peer At the age of 34, Lord Alli became the youngest peer in parliament, and it was thought that he might help the prime minister reach out to a younger generation. He influenced government policy during the drafting of the Communications Bill in 2003, and took over as chairman of the media rights company Chorion in the same year."
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2003/nov/04/race.broadcasting
This article is about the most important asians to the media:
"Ayesha Dharker - actress Daljit Dhaliwal - newscaster/journalist, CNN George Alagiah - newscaster/journalist, BBC Krishnan Guru Murthy - newscaster/journalist, Channel 4 Mishal Husain - newscaster/journalist, BBC Naresh Ramchandani - advertising Saira Shah - journalist Sangita Shah - economist and journalist"
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/feb/04/india-women
"I debated with an Asian woman named Nirmala on the BBC Asian Network radio station, who emphatically believed Asian women should not drink or be seen in bars, and could give no other explanation for her reasoning"
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/jan/30/india
"But what is depressing is how the post-film discussion by the Indian elite has remained stalled. Rather than soul searching about the future of slums, we have irritation that a western film about India should win more international accolades than homegrown cinema. On top of that comes the accusation that the west's fascination with "poverty porn" is voyeuristic, that the west somehow fails to understand India."
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/mar/21/radio.raceintheuk
"One in 10 BBC staff are now from ethnic minorities and account for 4.4% of senior management at the BBC. British Asians form 4% of the population and ethnic minorities represent 8% of all Britons."
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/jan/24/broadcasting.mondaymediasection
This article shows the most powerful british asians, and explains what each of them do. For example number:
"1 Waheed AlliAge: 40 Labour peer At the age of 34, Lord Alli became the youngest peer in parliament, and it was thought that he might help the prime minister reach out to a younger generation. He influenced government policy during the drafting of the Communications Bill in 2003, and took over as chairman of the media rights company Chorion in the same year."
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2003/nov/04/race.broadcasting
This article is about the most important asians to the media:
"Ayesha Dharker - actress Daljit Dhaliwal - newscaster/journalist, CNN George Alagiah - newscaster/journalist, BBC Krishnan Guru Murthy - newscaster/journalist, Channel 4 Mishal Husain - newscaster/journalist, BBC Naresh Ramchandani - advertising Saira Shah - journalist Sangita Shah - economist and journalist"
Monday, 9 February 2009
links for Slumdog Millionaire
http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/jan/18/slumdog-millionaire-british-asian-reaction
"India's commercial capital may be booming but there's a dark underbelly of crime, deprivation and poverty that is often ignored or misrepresented by Indian cinema and the government."
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/jan/24/oscars-india-slumdog-millionaire-ian-jack
“The more interesting question is: whom do we trust to best describe the experience of the poor? Ideally, the answer should be the poor themselves”
http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/film_reviews/article5461351.ece
“Slumdog doesn’t simply plunder India’s troubled past and a boy’s bitter-sweet memories in order to look forward. What’s great about the film is that it looks sideways as the past and future grind past each other like tectonic plates”
http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/slumdog_millionaire/
"Digs into India's gritty depths, where it juxtaposes squalor, exploitation and corruption with humanity's fight to overcome it"
http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/jan/18/slumdog-millionaire-british-asian-reaction
"India's commercial capital may be booming but there's a dark underbelly of crime, deprivation and poverty that is often ignored or misrepresented by Indian cinema and the government."
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/jan/24/oscars-india-slumdog-millionaire-ian-jack
“The more interesting question is: whom do we trust to best describe the experience of the poor? Ideally, the answer should be the poor themselves”
http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/film_reviews/article5461351.ece
“Slumdog doesn’t simply plunder India’s troubled past and a boy’s bitter-sweet memories in order to look forward. What’s great about the film is that it looks sideways as the past and future grind past each other like tectonic plates”
http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/slumdog_millionaire/
"Digs into India's gritty depths, where it juxtaposes squalor, exploitation and corruption with humanity's fight to overcome it"
SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE
My view of Slumdog Millionaire is that it shows the two sides India which it has. Danny Boyle shows the less developed areas and the treatment people from the slums get, which is usually covered up by the Indian Government. It shows the true reality of how the poorer half live . However it also shows how Mumbai is becoming developed and how India’s commercially becoming more known.
He also shows how an ordinary teenager from the slums can be smarter then a doctor or a lawyer, which challenge the stereotype of the working class being stupid. Further more the fact it’s an Indian working class teenager, challenges the stereotype of ‘The Other’. However some parts conform to the stereotype, as there is a scene where a mob comes into a village and kills every one, showing them to be barbaric. Also the question of how can a British film maker go to India and show an accurate representation of the slums, is it really possible, are the representations really accurate? I think the movie shows the harsh reality of what India’s rural areas are like, which is ignored by the government.
Spavak, who is a post colonist theorist, suggests movies like Slumdog Millionaire, which is made by a British Director, promoting India, are trying to get rid of ‘white guilt’. Some aspects of the film does conform to the oriental stereotype, for example Jamal is uneducated but wise, as his life experiences able him to answer the question which wins him 20 million rupees.
My view of Slumdog Millionaire is that it shows the two sides India which it has. Danny Boyle shows the less developed areas and the treatment people from the slums get, which is usually covered up by the Indian Government. It shows the true reality of how the poorer half live . However it also shows how Mumbai is becoming developed and how India’s commercially becoming more known.
He also shows how an ordinary teenager from the slums can be smarter then a doctor or a lawyer, which challenge the stereotype of the working class being stupid. Further more the fact it’s an Indian working class teenager, challenges the stereotype of ‘The Other’. However some parts conform to the stereotype, as there is a scene where a mob comes into a village and kills every one, showing them to be barbaric. Also the question of how can a British film maker go to India and show an accurate representation of the slums, is it really possible, are the representations really accurate? I think the movie shows the harsh reality of what India’s rural areas are like, which is ignored by the government.
Spavak, who is a post colonist theorist, suggests movies like Slumdog Millionaire, which is made by a British Director, promoting India, are trying to get rid of ‘white guilt’. Some aspects of the film does conform to the oriental stereotype, for example Jamal is uneducated but wise, as his life experiences able him to answer the question which wins him 20 million rupees.
Thursday, 5 February 2009
Independent study 1st draft!!
“I'm the man? Yeah right…I'm the man. In fact, I'm so much the man that I have a standing prescription for medication to control my anxiety attacks.”
Are women in action movies represented as empowered female role models or as sex objects?
Females in action movies are being represented as independent, tough and empowered women in control, however only to an extent. Although women are shown to be active within society in action movies, they are still being portrayed as sex objects, who are the “subject of male gaze”[1]. Contemporary movies such as “Wanted”(2008) directed by Timur Bekmambetov, reflect the growth “in the presence and influence of women in media”[2] as the protagonist Fox is played by a well known female actor Angelina Jolie, who is well known for her empowering roles in action movies. Historically, action movies were recognized as being male dominated, however “as times have changed so have women’s role in society”[3] resulting in the types of roles they play in movies.
In the past women playing lead roles in movies were rare, however since “movie producers have realised that kick ass heroin’s do better business”[4] we see more women in action movies. The “dominance of the male hero in this genre was challenged by Sigourney Weaver’s Ripley in ‘Alien’ (Scott, 1979), followed by Linda Hamilton’s Sarah Connor in ‘The Terminator’ in 1984 and Angelina Jolie in ‘Lara Croft: Tomb Raider’”[5]. Now it’s being challenged by Angelina Jolie’s Fox in ‘Wanted’. ‘Wanted’ is an Action-Fantasy. It follows conventions of both as the fast cars, explosions, and guns clearly connote Action, where as an ordinary guy turning into the number one assassin clearly convoys fantasy. Bekmambetov reverses Propp’s narrative theory of the hero rescuing the ‘damsel in distress’, as Fox rescues the male character (Wesley) in the opening of the movie. This shows the woman is in control oppose to the man. Recently there is an “emergence of the tough female heroine as a popular media icon [which] is simultaneously celebrated”. This is reflected in ‘Wanted’. From the beginning Fox is represented as a “fighting female”[6] who takes control of the situation. When Fox rescues Wesley from being killed, she is the one who is in the driving seat of the car, which represents women as the stronger sex. However the gun and the gear stick can be seen as a ‘phallic symbol’, which then connotes women must make up for what they have not got (a penis) in order to be powerful, which suggests men are truly the stronger sex. The Freudian theory suggests “men unconsciously see women as castrated and this causes them to feel anxiety which is why fertishization objects are used in order to reduce anxiety.”[7] So the reason for having a phallic symbol is so men don’t feel threatened. In every action movie were the female is the protagonist, this is clearly evident, as there is the need for a phallic symbol, usually a gun, which is also a typical convention for action genre. One examples is “Lara Croft: Tomb Raider”, the leading female, Lara (played by Angelina Jolie) must sleep with a knife. The knife can be seen as a phallic symbol, put there by the male director to stop “castration anxiety”[8] in order to stop losing “power or control”[9]. In addition the knife also symbolises Lara’s power, as she’s one step ahead of men, which is shown in medium shot of when a male attacker tries to sneak up on her during her sleep and of course she is prepared with her knife.
Traditionally it’s not known for the female to “lead the story…make the central decisions…save her male collegue [or be] the star of the film”[10], this is clearly not the case in nowadays as females are continuously being represented as strong, in control, powerful and smarter then men in action movies. ‘Wanted’ not only shows Fox’s strength through the use of phallic symbols, as Fox has “pin skinny arms, [and yet makes] beating up a guy look so easy and yeah, man, like fun”[11]. This challenges stereotypes and shows women are just as capable of being as physically powerful as men; which is evident through out the movie. For example during the scene when Fox rescues Wesley, he begs her to “drive faster”[12], which connotes she’s the dominant one who is control of the situation, the fact he begs her, further connotes he needs her to survive. Female viewers who lack confidence may also feel empowered and believe they can do any thing if they put there mind to it, as they are seeing it is possible on screen. It also emphasises men are loosing control as women are “increasingly [becoming] assertive, successful and triumphing in all roles, men are said to be anxious and confused about what their role is today”[13], in other words “crisis in masculinity”.
However due to this ‘crisis’ movies have been made which show the backlash of powerful women since feminism. One early example a backlash movie is “Fatal Attraction” (1987), where Glenn Close plays Alex Forrest, who has an affair with a married man. She is represented as seductive, beautiful and a woman who has power within her job, but because of this she is also presented as a “femme fatale”[14]. This is shown as she begins to stalk the married man after he ended it with her; the stalking gradually becomes more dangerous as the movie progresses. It can be argued from a Marxist perspective that the “dominant ideology” being promoted here, is women who are successful and independent are no good and dangerous, as Alex is represented a vindictive woman. The Backlash against powerful women is still evident in contemporary movies such as “Death Race” (2008), as Warden Hennessey (Joan Allen) who is the “judge, jury and prosecution”, because of this she is represented as a “femme fatale” creating a strong resentment towards her profession. Moreover her death in the end symbolises the death of women in power, emphasising women should stick to easy jobs.
Historically men were shown as “active, providing and tough individuals who drives the narrative forward, where as [women were] passive, home orientated and emotional”[15]. Miles (1975) found “action adventure shows only 15% of the leading characters were women”[16] This all changed when “the second wave [of] feminism”[17] took place and there was a “presence in society for equality”[18] and “personal became political”, the zeitgeist of this era is reflected in the action sci-fi film “Alien” (1979), even though the movie it self is set in the future. ‘Alien’ was one of the first action movies to have an active empowered female lead role, which was played by Sigourney Weaver (Ripley) who is a “resourceful, self-reliant, hard-assed, feminist action heroine”[19]. Although the director (Ridley Scott) “never intended [to have the lead role] played by a female”[20], nonetheless it was a huge success and made “$1,983,690”[21], in fact it was so successful they made sequel. Ellen Ripley is seen as an action hero like Fox in ‘Wanted’, through out the movie Ripley thrives to gain control, which reflects the fact women were trying to gain equality during the 70’s and 80’s. In the beginning Ripley is repressed by the male character Ash who abruptly tells her “there’s no point”[22] of her trying to help as she can not do anything, towards the end she gains independence and control. This is shown when she physically grabs and throws Ash about the room, showing she is physically stronger, which connotes women will gain control in society no matter what men want. This is emphasised in the end as she is the last one standing and alive, which connotes women’s independence was starting to come alive during that period. The character Ripley is similar to Fox in ‘Wanted’ as both of them are represented as “ass-kicking females”[23]. However throughout both movies there are more men in the scenes, reflecting the society is still very patriarchal, and emphasise the fact that action movies are a “typically male dominant genre”.[24]
Davis (1990) found women leading characters “doubled to 29%”[25]; this is clearly evident as women now “perform the role of the action hero” in movies, thanks to movies such as ‘Alien’ and ‘Kill Bill’. The influences of female actors such as Angelina Jolie, Lucy Lui, Uma Thurman, Keira Knightley and Sigourney Weaver have made it possible for the female audience to have an empowered and strong women role models. Also the rise of female actors playing lead roles in action movies shows the change in society accepting women as independent role models as the success of all these movies show it. For example Uma Therman’s role as the Bride in “Kill Bill: Vol 1” (2003) was so successful a sequel was made. Again, “Charlie’s Angel’s” (2000) was so successful another two were produced, “Lara Croft: Tomb Raider” was successful “Lara Croft: Cradle to the Grave” was produced. Furthermore all the female protagonists in action movies are active and in charge of their actions. For example in the movie ‘Kill Bill: Vol 1’ described as “brutally bloody and thrillingly callous from first to last”[26]. Uma Thurman plays The Bride, her costume does not involve heavy make up, revealing clothing or even long glossy hair, in fact “it's all bang, bang; no kiss, kiss”[27]. As the movie is more revolved around how physically powerful she is and not how pretty she looks, shows action movies are taking women more seriously, and not just seeing them as sex objects. Also the character is enigmatic, making her unpredictable, which connotes women are not banal and can adapt to any situation. Further more the fact The Bride has blonde hair and is not represented as a ‘blonde bimbo’, shows the film is subverting the stereotype of blonde women being passive and ‘dumb’, and promoting the fact women are just as capable and intelligent as men.
Although these movies represent women as intelligent, independent and active with in today’s society, it is evident in movies such as ‘Wanted’ and ‘Domino’, the female protagonist has something within her costume which symbolises she’s manly. This raises the question can women actually be powerful while being more feminine then masculine? In ‘Wanted’ Fox has various tattoo’s all over her body, which is more known to be a masculine characteristic, and with them she is more dominant. In ‘Domino’ Domino Harvey (Kiera Knightley) has very short hair. Long hair connotes femininity and youth, the fact it’s been taken away from her makes her more masculine and mature, connoting this will make her more powerful, which suggests a woman must be manlier in order to truly be powerful. Furthermore its clear women won’t get the same equality as men as women will always get paid less, even when they are playing the lead role in Hollywood blockbusters. “Male actors range from 1-20 million [where as] women’s range from 1-15 million”[28], this clearly shows men get paid more, which emphasises the inequality within society, and reinforces women will never break through the glass ceiling
Gaye Tuchman (1978) argues “when females have roles, they are mostly shown as being negative roles,”[29] and under represented, resulting in them being “symbolically annihilated”.[30] This is reinforced in some scenes and at the end of ‘Wanted’. It’s reinforced at the end as Fox is not the last one standing (like Ripley is in ‘Alien’), Wesley is, which connotes at the end of the day it is men who can survive through anything. In the beginning Wesley is represented as pathetic, weak and a nobody his girlfriend is “screwing” his best friend, he’s stuck in a dead end job, has no hope of being successful. A close up of him typing his name in the Google search engine, reveals “no result”, showing he’s not known. after there’s a long shot of him standing in the middle of office blocks, as he puts on his jacket it is in slow motion, and around him everyone’s moving fast, which connotes he’s alone and as the world is moving around him and he is isolated. The fact he is nobody is further emphasised when he is walking home and there’s non diegetic music with words saying “I think I used to have a purpose “, again showing he has no use in society. This is all changed when he meets Fox, his life turns around. The fact a women is changing a man’s life shows she’s influential. However towards the end this all changes as Wesley become more powerful. In the end scenes there’s a Long shot of Wesley jumping through the window, connoting he’s invincible, which is further emphasised when he gets shot in the arm and knifed but still manages to carry on fighting and wining.The butcher taunts him by calling him a “pussy”, showing the misogynistic views of women, the fact Wesley gets more aggrieve because of this remark connoting he doesn’t like being on a women’s level when it comes to fighting as men are better fighters and physically more powerful. Further more he holding two guns, the fact the gun represents power and he’s holding two, connotes he is more powerful, reinforcing men are more dominant. Typically it would be a woman who is changing to be accepted in society, in ‘Wanted’ it the man who is the "Sad suck guy is told that to be a man he has to drive a fast car, shoot people, and have an f-off attitude”[31], this shows it is now men who want to fit in society and impress the female.
“Film is such a male dominated industry,”[32] this is clearly true as all the female protagonists in action movies are in some way or another represented as sex objects, who are purely there for the male “visual pleasure” [33] according to Mulvey. This is manifested in ‘Wanted’ as the movie contains a scene where Fox comes out of a bath naked; a long shot exposes her back from head to toe. While she is coming out Wesley and another male stare, the fact that Fox knows they are watching connotes she is promiscuous. This scene conforms to the fact action movies must have an “erotic exhibition of women’s bodies on the screen”[34], and can never empower women with out it. Throughout the movie “her job is to cock triggers and look scrumptious"[35], this emphasises women are only there for show, and will never be taken seriously in the action genre. However in ‘Domino’, Domino uses her physical attractiveness and body to her advantage. This is when she is surrounded by men, connoting a patriarchal society, who want to kill her. She gives them a lap dance, however only to get what she wants, this connotes women are becoming smarter than men, as men will fall for anything.
In ‘Wanted’, although Fox is represented an action hero, she is still presented as an object for the ‘male gaze’. This is illustrated in the scene where she is naked while coming out of the bath; it is also evident in the opening scene. While Fox is rescuing the victim Wesley, there’s a close up of her legs, then a medium close up of Wesley looking, this shows even when a man is scared to death of dying, he still treats the women who is rescuing as a sex object. This also conforms to Mulvey’s theory of ‘looking’ is only for the males, in the movie or out in the audience. ‘Male gaze’ is also evident in other action movies such as ‘Charlie’s Angels’(2000). The ‘Angels’ may be represented as ‘kick ass’ heroines, but they are still subordinate to men. “The film is the equivalent of the 'dumb blonde' of action movies”[36], as Natalie (Cameron Diaz), Dylan (Drew Barrymore) and Alex (Lucy Liu) must only do what Charlie tells them to do, which shows the man is more intellectual the woman, reflecting a patriarchal society where men are “dominant and rule.”[37]
It is argued by theorists such as Sharon Smith (1972) “the role of a woman in a film almost always revolves around her physical appearance”[38], although action movies are presenting women as ruthless and tough individuals, what theorists such as Smith and Mulvey argue are true. Sarah Grinke argues “men and women are created equal and that women should be allowed the same liberties as men”[39], unfortunately in today’s action movies they are clearly represented differently, as women are looked at as objects. In ‘Wanted’ although the main female character is empowered, other women in the movie are not. For example Wesley’s girlfriend is represented as a “slut” who’s “fuckin his best friend”[40], one scene shows her having sexual intercourse with him, which shows action movies must contain at least one scene for “male gaze”. However in ‘Domino’, Domino uses her physical attractiveness and body to her advantage. This is when she is surrounded by men, connoting a patriarchal society, who want to kill her. She gives them a lap dance, however only to get what she wants, this connotes women are becoming smarter than men, as men will fall for anything.
It’s argued by Marxists such as Gramsci that these male directors (the ruling class) are injecting their dominant ideologies into the audience, which is women are inferior to men, which becomes ‘common sense’ to viewers that men are the dominant sex. However Marxist theory is outdated, and as times have changed so have the audience, as Marxists assume all audiences are passive when in actual fact audiences have become active. Theories such as the Reception theory, argues women may take an “oppositional reading”, and instead of remaining repressed by men, and not conform to the ideologies that are fed to them. In addition it is argued by theorists such as Kaplan and Kaja Silverman (1980), that “the gaze could be adopted by both male and female subjects: the male gaze is not always controlling the subject and nor is the female always a passive object”[41] meaning the female knows what she is doing, furthermore the female audience may aspire to be like the women in action movies. However it can be argued from a Marxists perspective women aspire to be like those women because, as they feel they must “impress [men] with their make-up and high heels”[42], as Greer (1999) suggested women are more under pressure to do so, as it has been embedded in their mind over and over again through the media. The “hypodermic needle theory is reinforced”[43] here as women are passive as they accept that they need to “impress” the opposite sex, or she will see herself as a “failure if she is not beautiful”[44].
In addition action movies promote misogynistic views of women. In ‘Wanted’ Wesley’s boss who is female is called degrading terms such as “pussy”, this implies the director is guilty of having “misogynistic views upon women” [45](Haskell 1973). Through out the movie other misogynistic terms for example in the voice over Wesley say “you wish you weren’t such a pussy”, he’s suggesting to be recognised as someone who is strong and dominant you can’t be a “pussy”. In other words acting like a woman, won’t empower you, which reflects the patriarchal society which we are still living in, it also exposes Bekmambetov misogynistic views. ‘Wanted’ is not the only movie to encourage misogynistic views, earlier movies such as “Basic Instinct” (Paul Verhoeven 1992), illustrates how directors are guilty of feeding their misogynistic views to the audience. This is manifested when Gus (George Dzundez) calls Catherine (Sharon Stone) a “bitch” and a “pussy”. This reflects the lack of respect men have for women as they see them as second class citizens. Again it can be argued from a Marxist perspective, these ideologies are reinforced through out these movies directed by males in order to keep women in their place, which is subordinate to men.
In conclusion, women are becoming noticed as being active with in society, as feminism helped break down barriers blocking women’s path of success, it is unfortunately still evident women will always be “looked at, objectified and sexualized by the male protagonist”[46] in the movie and by males in the audience. Although it is shown in contemporary texts such as ‘Wanted’ that women are becoming intellectually and physically stronger, there as still parts which degrade and put women down. This is the same for other texts such as ‘Charlie’s Angel’s’ and ‘Lara Croft: Tomb Raider’ who are represented as ‘ass-kicking’ but, also as sex objects. Why directors continuously use women action hero’s can either be because “Sex attracts – always has, probably always will”[47], or, they have realised empowered women make better movies as this is what the audience want to see.
Word count: 3,435
[1] Mulvey, Laura (1975) “Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema”
[2] http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/wome_and_girls
[3] http://www.helium.com/items/125634-women-in-action-movies-empowered-role-models-or-chicks-with-guns
[4] Gauntlett (2002) ibid
[5] Clark Vivienne, Barker James, Lewis Eileen (2003) “Key Concepts & Skills for Media Studies” pg 26
[6] Iness, Sherrie A. Ed. “Action Chicks: New Images of Tough Women in Popular Culture” New York: Palgrare Macmillan (2004)
[7] http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?DVDID=9572
[8] http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?DVDID=9572
[9] http://www.answers.com/topic/castration-complex
[10] Gauntlett David: “Media, Gender and Identity” (pg47)
[11] http://www.movies.nytimes.com/2008/06/27/movies/27want.html -by Manohla Dargo
[12] ‘Wanted’ (2008)
[13] Gauntlett, David (2002) “Media, Gender and Identity”
[14] http://www.poem.co.uk/femmefatle.html
[15] Bennett, Peter (2006) “A2 Media Studies: The Essential Introduction” pg 277
[16] B. Miles (1990) “Challenging Children: Sex Stereotyping as Prime T.V” pg43
[17] Bennett, Peter (2006) “A2 Media Studies: The Essential Introduction” pg 229
[18] Bennett, Jacquie (2005) “Media Studies AS & A2”
[19] http://www.filmsite.org/alie.html
[20] Lacey, Nick “Image and Representation” pg 218
[21] http://www.movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800020133/detalis
[22] ‘Alien’ (1979)
[23] http://www.movieviews.org/reviews/may-july2003.shtml
[24] http://www.helium.com/items/125634-women-in-action-movies-empowered-role-models-or-chicks-with-guns
[25] Davis, D.M (1990) “Portrayals of Women in Prime Time Network Television” pg43
[26] http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/kill_bill_vol_1/
[27] http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/kill_bill_vol_1/
[28] http://www.wiki.answers.com/how_much_do_hollywood_actors_get_paid
[29] http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_annihilation
[30]Tuchman G, 1978, ‘The symbolic annihilation of women in the mass media’
[31] http://movies.nytimes.com/2008/06/27/movies/27want.html
[32] Harris Naomie http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/03855141912_0638000.html
[33] Mulvey, Laura (1975) “Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema”
[34]Bennett, Peter (2006) “A2 Media Studies: The Essential Introduction”
[35] http://www.living.scotsman.com/movies?articleid=4208635
[36] http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/charlies_angels/
[37] Bennett , Jacquie (2005) “Media Studies AS & A2” pg 108
[38] Gauntlett, David (2002) “Media, Gender & Identity” pg48
[39]Jenainati Catha, Groves Jude, (2007) “Introducing Feminism”
[40] ‘Wanted’ (2008)
[41] Lbid
[42] Gauntlett, David (2002) “Media, Gender and Identity” pg 78
[43] Bennett, Jacquie(2005) “Media Studies: AS & A2” pg 86
[44] Greer G, (1999), ‘The whole woman’, London: Doubleday
[45]Nelmes, Jill (1996) “An Introduction to Film Studies – Third Edition” pg 248
[46] Mulvey, Laura (1975)
[47] http://www.mybusiness.co.uk/YYLO1iFotKRAKg.html
Bibliography
Work Cited
Books
- Bennett, Jacquie (2005) “Media Studies AS & A2”
- Bennett, Peter (2006) “A2 Media Studies: The Essential Introduction”
- B. Miles (1990) “Challenging Children: Sex Stereotyping as Prime T.V”
- Clark Vivienne, Barker James, Lewis Eileen (2003) “Key Concepts & Skills for Media Studies”
- Davis, D.M (1990) “Portrayals of Women in Prime Time Network Television”
- Gauntlett David (2002): “Media, Gender and Identity”
- Greer G, (1999), ‘The whole woman’, London: Doubleday
- Iness, Sherrie A. Ed. “Action Chicks: New Images of Tough Women in Popular Culture” New York: Palgrare Macmillan (2004)
- Jenainati Catha, Groves Jude, (2007) “Introducing Feminism”
- Lacey, Nick “Image and Representation”
- Mulvey, Laura (1975) “Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema”
- Nelmes, Jill (1996) “An Introduction to Film Studies – Third Edition”
- Tuchman G, 1978, ‘The symbolic annihilation of women in the mass media’
Websites
- http://www.answers.com/topic/castration-complex
- http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?DVDID=9572
- http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_annihilation
- http://www.filmsite.org/alie.html
- http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/03855141912_0638000.html
- http://www.helium.com/items/125634-women-in-action-movies-empowered-role-models-or-chicks-with-guns
- http://www.living.scotsman.com/movies?articleid=4208635
- http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/wome_and_girls
- http://www.movies.nytimes.com/2008/06/27/movies/27want.html
- http://www.movieviews.org/reviews/may-july2003.shtml
- http://www.movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800020133/detalis
- http://www.mybusiness.co.uk/YYLO1iFotKRAKg.html
- http://www.poem.co.uk/femmefatle.html
- http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/charlies_angels/
- http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/kill_bill_vol_1/
- http://www.wiki.answers.com/how_much_do_hollywood_actors_get_paid
Work Consulted
Websites
- http://community.channel4.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/8606038721/m/1980067829
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)
- http://imdb.com/title/tt0493464/
- http://imdb.com/title/tt0146316/
- http://living.scotsman.com/movies?articleid=4208635
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/03/99/tom_brook/387291.stm
- http://www.channel4.com/film/reviews/film.jsp?id=165408
- http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Marxists
“I'm the man? Yeah right…I'm the man. In fact, I'm so much the man that I have a standing prescription for medication to control my anxiety attacks.”
Are women in action movies represented as empowered female role models or as sex objects?
Females in action movies are being represented as independent, tough and empowered women in control, however only to an extent. Although women are shown to be active within society in action movies, they are still being portrayed as sex objects, who are the “subject of male gaze”[1]. Contemporary movies such as “Wanted”(2008) directed by Timur Bekmambetov, reflect the growth “in the presence and influence of women in media”[2] as the protagonist Fox is played by a well known female actor Angelina Jolie, who is well known for her empowering roles in action movies. Historically, action movies were recognized as being male dominated, however “as times have changed so have women’s role in society”[3] resulting in the types of roles they play in movies.
In the past women playing lead roles in movies were rare, however since “movie producers have realised that kick ass heroin’s do better business”[4] we see more women in action movies. The “dominance of the male hero in this genre was challenged by Sigourney Weaver’s Ripley in ‘Alien’ (Scott, 1979), followed by Linda Hamilton’s Sarah Connor in ‘The Terminator’ in 1984 and Angelina Jolie in ‘Lara Croft: Tomb Raider’”[5]. Now it’s being challenged by Angelina Jolie’s Fox in ‘Wanted’. ‘Wanted’ is an Action-Fantasy. It follows conventions of both as the fast cars, explosions, and guns clearly connote Action, where as an ordinary guy turning into the number one assassin clearly convoys fantasy. Bekmambetov reverses Propp’s narrative theory of the hero rescuing the ‘damsel in distress’, as Fox rescues the male character (Wesley) in the opening of the movie. This shows the woman is in control oppose to the man. Recently there is an “emergence of the tough female heroine as a popular media icon [which] is simultaneously celebrated”. This is reflected in ‘Wanted’. From the beginning Fox is represented as a “fighting female”[6] who takes control of the situation. When Fox rescues Wesley from being killed, she is the one who is in the driving seat of the car, which represents women as the stronger sex. However the gun and the gear stick can be seen as a ‘phallic symbol’, which then connotes women must make up for what they have not got (a penis) in order to be powerful, which suggests men are truly the stronger sex. The Freudian theory suggests “men unconsciously see women as castrated and this causes them to feel anxiety which is why fertishization objects are used in order to reduce anxiety.”[7] So the reason for having a phallic symbol is so men don’t feel threatened. In every action movie were the female is the protagonist, this is clearly evident, as there is the need for a phallic symbol, usually a gun, which is also a typical convention for action genre. One examples is “Lara Croft: Tomb Raider”, the leading female, Lara (played by Angelina Jolie) must sleep with a knife. The knife can be seen as a phallic symbol, put there by the male director to stop “castration anxiety”[8] in order to stop losing “power or control”[9]. In addition the knife also symbolises Lara’s power, as she’s one step ahead of men, which is shown in medium shot of when a male attacker tries to sneak up on her during her sleep and of course she is prepared with her knife.
Traditionally it’s not known for the female to “lead the story…make the central decisions…save her male collegue [or be] the star of the film”[10], this is clearly not the case in nowadays as females are continuously being represented as strong, in control, powerful and smarter then men in action movies. ‘Wanted’ not only shows Fox’s strength through the use of phallic symbols, as Fox has “pin skinny arms, [and yet makes] beating up a guy look so easy and yeah, man, like fun”[11]. This challenges stereotypes and shows women are just as capable of being as physically powerful as men; which is evident through out the movie. For example during the scene when Fox rescues Wesley, he begs her to “drive faster”[12], which connotes she’s the dominant one who is control of the situation, the fact he begs her, further connotes he needs her to survive. Female viewers who lack confidence may also feel empowered and believe they can do any thing if they put there mind to it, as they are seeing it is possible on screen. It also emphasises men are loosing control as women are “increasingly [becoming] assertive, successful and triumphing in all roles, men are said to be anxious and confused about what their role is today”[13], in other words “crisis in masculinity”.
However due to this ‘crisis’ movies have been made which show the backlash of powerful women since feminism. One early example a backlash movie is “Fatal Attraction” (1987), where Glenn Close plays Alex Forrest, who has an affair with a married man. She is represented as seductive, beautiful and a woman who has power within her job, but because of this she is also presented as a “femme fatale”[14]. This is shown as she begins to stalk the married man after he ended it with her; the stalking gradually becomes more dangerous as the movie progresses. It can be argued from a Marxist perspective that the “dominant ideology” being promoted here, is women who are successful and independent are no good and dangerous, as Alex is represented a vindictive woman. The Backlash against powerful women is still evident in contemporary movies such as “Death Race” (2008), as Warden Hennessey (Joan Allen) who is the “judge, jury and prosecution”, because of this she is represented as a “femme fatale” creating a strong resentment towards her profession. Moreover her death in the end symbolises the death of women in power, emphasising women should stick to easy jobs.
Historically men were shown as “active, providing and tough individuals who drives the narrative forward, where as [women were] passive, home orientated and emotional”[15]. Miles (1975) found “action adventure shows only 15% of the leading characters were women”[16] This all changed when “the second wave [of] feminism”[17] took place and there was a “presence in society for equality”[18] and “personal became political”, the zeitgeist of this era is reflected in the action sci-fi film “Alien” (1979), even though the movie it self is set in the future. ‘Alien’ was one of the first action movies to have an active empowered female lead role, which was played by Sigourney Weaver (Ripley) who is a “resourceful, self-reliant, hard-assed, feminist action heroine”[19]. Although the director (Ridley Scott) “never intended [to have the lead role] played by a female”[20], nonetheless it was a huge success and made “$1,983,690”[21], in fact it was so successful they made sequel. Ellen Ripley is seen as an action hero like Fox in ‘Wanted’, through out the movie Ripley thrives to gain control, which reflects the fact women were trying to gain equality during the 70’s and 80’s. In the beginning Ripley is repressed by the male character Ash who abruptly tells her “there’s no point”[22] of her trying to help as she can not do anything, towards the end she gains independence and control. This is shown when she physically grabs and throws Ash about the room, showing she is physically stronger, which connotes women will gain control in society no matter what men want. This is emphasised in the end as she is the last one standing and alive, which connotes women’s independence was starting to come alive during that period. The character Ripley is similar to Fox in ‘Wanted’ as both of them are represented as “ass-kicking females”[23]. However throughout both movies there are more men in the scenes, reflecting the society is still very patriarchal, and emphasise the fact that action movies are a “typically male dominant genre”.[24]
Davis (1990) found women leading characters “doubled to 29%”[25]; this is clearly evident as women now “perform the role of the action hero” in movies, thanks to movies such as ‘Alien’ and ‘Kill Bill’. The influences of female actors such as Angelina Jolie, Lucy Lui, Uma Thurman, Keira Knightley and Sigourney Weaver have made it possible for the female audience to have an empowered and strong women role models. Also the rise of female actors playing lead roles in action movies shows the change in society accepting women as independent role models as the success of all these movies show it. For example Uma Therman’s role as the Bride in “Kill Bill: Vol 1” (2003) was so successful a sequel was made. Again, “Charlie’s Angel’s” (2000) was so successful another two were produced, “Lara Croft: Tomb Raider” was successful “Lara Croft: Cradle to the Grave” was produced. Furthermore all the female protagonists in action movies are active and in charge of their actions. For example in the movie ‘Kill Bill: Vol 1’ described as “brutally bloody and thrillingly callous from first to last”[26]. Uma Thurman plays The Bride, her costume does not involve heavy make up, revealing clothing or even long glossy hair, in fact “it's all bang, bang; no kiss, kiss”[27]. As the movie is more revolved around how physically powerful she is and not how pretty she looks, shows action movies are taking women more seriously, and not just seeing them as sex objects. Also the character is enigmatic, making her unpredictable, which connotes women are not banal and can adapt to any situation. Further more the fact The Bride has blonde hair and is not represented as a ‘blonde bimbo’, shows the film is subverting the stereotype of blonde women being passive and ‘dumb’, and promoting the fact women are just as capable and intelligent as men.
Although these movies represent women as intelligent, independent and active with in today’s society, it is evident in movies such as ‘Wanted’ and ‘Domino’, the female protagonist has something within her costume which symbolises she’s manly. This raises the question can women actually be powerful while being more feminine then masculine? In ‘Wanted’ Fox has various tattoo’s all over her body, which is more known to be a masculine characteristic, and with them she is more dominant. In ‘Domino’ Domino Harvey (Kiera Knightley) has very short hair. Long hair connotes femininity and youth, the fact it’s been taken away from her makes her more masculine and mature, connoting this will make her more powerful, which suggests a woman must be manlier in order to truly be powerful. Furthermore its clear women won’t get the same equality as men as women will always get paid less, even when they are playing the lead role in Hollywood blockbusters. “Male actors range from 1-20 million [where as] women’s range from 1-15 million”[28], this clearly shows men get paid more, which emphasises the inequality within society, and reinforces women will never break through the glass ceiling
Gaye Tuchman (1978) argues “when females have roles, they are mostly shown as being negative roles,”[29] and under represented, resulting in them being “symbolically annihilated”.[30] This is reinforced in some scenes and at the end of ‘Wanted’. It’s reinforced at the end as Fox is not the last one standing (like Ripley is in ‘Alien’), Wesley is, which connotes at the end of the day it is men who can survive through anything. In the beginning Wesley is represented as pathetic, weak and a nobody his girlfriend is “screwing” his best friend, he’s stuck in a dead end job, has no hope of being successful. A close up of him typing his name in the Google search engine, reveals “no result”, showing he’s not known. after there’s a long shot of him standing in the middle of office blocks, as he puts on his jacket it is in slow motion, and around him everyone’s moving fast, which connotes he’s alone and as the world is moving around him and he is isolated. The fact he is nobody is further emphasised when he is walking home and there’s non diegetic music with words saying “I think I used to have a purpose “, again showing he has no use in society. This is all changed when he meets Fox, his life turns around. The fact a women is changing a man’s life shows she’s influential. However towards the end this all changes as Wesley become more powerful. In the end scenes there’s a Long shot of Wesley jumping through the window, connoting he’s invincible, which is further emphasised when he gets shot in the arm and knifed but still manages to carry on fighting and wining.The butcher taunts him by calling him a “pussy”, showing the misogynistic views of women, the fact Wesley gets more aggrieve because of this remark connoting he doesn’t like being on a women’s level when it comes to fighting as men are better fighters and physically more powerful. Further more he holding two guns, the fact the gun represents power and he’s holding two, connotes he is more powerful, reinforcing men are more dominant. Typically it would be a woman who is changing to be accepted in society, in ‘Wanted’ it the man who is the "Sad suck guy is told that to be a man he has to drive a fast car, shoot people, and have an f-off attitude”[31], this shows it is now men who want to fit in society and impress the female.
“Film is such a male dominated industry,”[32] this is clearly true as all the female protagonists in action movies are in some way or another represented as sex objects, who are purely there for the male “visual pleasure” [33] according to Mulvey. This is manifested in ‘Wanted’ as the movie contains a scene where Fox comes out of a bath naked; a long shot exposes her back from head to toe. While she is coming out Wesley and another male stare, the fact that Fox knows they are watching connotes she is promiscuous. This scene conforms to the fact action movies must have an “erotic exhibition of women’s bodies on the screen”[34], and can never empower women with out it. Throughout the movie “her job is to cock triggers and look scrumptious"[35], this emphasises women are only there for show, and will never be taken seriously in the action genre. However in ‘Domino’, Domino uses her physical attractiveness and body to her advantage. This is when she is surrounded by men, connoting a patriarchal society, who want to kill her. She gives them a lap dance, however only to get what she wants, this connotes women are becoming smarter than men, as men will fall for anything.
In ‘Wanted’, although Fox is represented an action hero, she is still presented as an object for the ‘male gaze’. This is illustrated in the scene where she is naked while coming out of the bath; it is also evident in the opening scene. While Fox is rescuing the victim Wesley, there’s a close up of her legs, then a medium close up of Wesley looking, this shows even when a man is scared to death of dying, he still treats the women who is rescuing as a sex object. This also conforms to Mulvey’s theory of ‘looking’ is only for the males, in the movie or out in the audience. ‘Male gaze’ is also evident in other action movies such as ‘Charlie’s Angels’(2000). The ‘Angels’ may be represented as ‘kick ass’ heroines, but they are still subordinate to men. “The film is the equivalent of the 'dumb blonde' of action movies”[36], as Natalie (Cameron Diaz), Dylan (Drew Barrymore) and Alex (Lucy Liu) must only do what Charlie tells them to do, which shows the man is more intellectual the woman, reflecting a patriarchal society where men are “dominant and rule.”[37]
It is argued by theorists such as Sharon Smith (1972) “the role of a woman in a film almost always revolves around her physical appearance”[38], although action movies are presenting women as ruthless and tough individuals, what theorists such as Smith and Mulvey argue are true. Sarah Grinke argues “men and women are created equal and that women should be allowed the same liberties as men”[39], unfortunately in today’s action movies they are clearly represented differently, as women are looked at as objects. In ‘Wanted’ although the main female character is empowered, other women in the movie are not. For example Wesley’s girlfriend is represented as a “slut” who’s “fuckin his best friend”[40], one scene shows her having sexual intercourse with him, which shows action movies must contain at least one scene for “male gaze”. However in ‘Domino’, Domino uses her physical attractiveness and body to her advantage. This is when she is surrounded by men, connoting a patriarchal society, who want to kill her. She gives them a lap dance, however only to get what she wants, this connotes women are becoming smarter than men, as men will fall for anything.
It’s argued by Marxists such as Gramsci that these male directors (the ruling class) are injecting their dominant ideologies into the audience, which is women are inferior to men, which becomes ‘common sense’ to viewers that men are the dominant sex. However Marxist theory is outdated, and as times have changed so have the audience, as Marxists assume all audiences are passive when in actual fact audiences have become active. Theories such as the Reception theory, argues women may take an “oppositional reading”, and instead of remaining repressed by men, and not conform to the ideologies that are fed to them. In addition it is argued by theorists such as Kaplan and Kaja Silverman (1980), that “the gaze could be adopted by both male and female subjects: the male gaze is not always controlling the subject and nor is the female always a passive object”[41] meaning the female knows what she is doing, furthermore the female audience may aspire to be like the women in action movies. However it can be argued from a Marxists perspective women aspire to be like those women because, as they feel they must “impress [men] with their make-up and high heels”[42], as Greer (1999) suggested women are more under pressure to do so, as it has been embedded in their mind over and over again through the media. The “hypodermic needle theory is reinforced”[43] here as women are passive as they accept that they need to “impress” the opposite sex, or she will see herself as a “failure if she is not beautiful”[44].
In addition action movies promote misogynistic views of women. In ‘Wanted’ Wesley’s boss who is female is called degrading terms such as “pussy”, this implies the director is guilty of having “misogynistic views upon women” [45](Haskell 1973). Through out the movie other misogynistic terms for example in the voice over Wesley say “you wish you weren’t such a pussy”, he’s suggesting to be recognised as someone who is strong and dominant you can’t be a “pussy”. In other words acting like a woman, won’t empower you, which reflects the patriarchal society which we are still living in, it also exposes Bekmambetov misogynistic views. ‘Wanted’ is not the only movie to encourage misogynistic views, earlier movies such as “Basic Instinct” (Paul Verhoeven 1992), illustrates how directors are guilty of feeding their misogynistic views to the audience. This is manifested when Gus (George Dzundez) calls Catherine (Sharon Stone) a “bitch” and a “pussy”. This reflects the lack of respect men have for women as they see them as second class citizens. Again it can be argued from a Marxist perspective, these ideologies are reinforced through out these movies directed by males in order to keep women in their place, which is subordinate to men.
In conclusion, women are becoming noticed as being active with in society, as feminism helped break down barriers blocking women’s path of success, it is unfortunately still evident women will always be “looked at, objectified and sexualized by the male protagonist”[46] in the movie and by males in the audience. Although it is shown in contemporary texts such as ‘Wanted’ that women are becoming intellectually and physically stronger, there as still parts which degrade and put women down. This is the same for other texts such as ‘Charlie’s Angel’s’ and ‘Lara Croft: Tomb Raider’ who are represented as ‘ass-kicking’ but, also as sex objects. Why directors continuously use women action hero’s can either be because “Sex attracts – always has, probably always will”[47], or, they have realised empowered women make better movies as this is what the audience want to see.
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[1] Mulvey, Laura (1975) “Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema”
[2] http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/wome_and_girls
[3] http://www.helium.com/items/125634-women-in-action-movies-empowered-role-models-or-chicks-with-guns
[4] Gauntlett (2002) ibid
[5] Clark Vivienne, Barker James, Lewis Eileen (2003) “Key Concepts & Skills for Media Studies” pg 26
[6] Iness, Sherrie A. Ed. “Action Chicks: New Images of Tough Women in Popular Culture” New York: Palgrare Macmillan (2004)
[7] http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?DVDID=9572
[8] http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?DVDID=9572
[9] http://www.answers.com/topic/castration-complex
[10] Gauntlett David: “Media, Gender and Identity” (pg47)
[11] http://www.movies.nytimes.com/2008/06/27/movies/27want.html -by Manohla Dargo
[12] ‘Wanted’ (2008)
[13] Gauntlett, David (2002) “Media, Gender and Identity”
[14] http://www.poem.co.uk/femmefatle.html
[15] Bennett, Peter (2006) “A2 Media Studies: The Essential Introduction” pg 277
[16] B. Miles (1990) “Challenging Children: Sex Stereotyping as Prime T.V” pg43
[17] Bennett, Peter (2006) “A2 Media Studies: The Essential Introduction” pg 229
[18] Bennett, Jacquie (2005) “Media Studies AS & A2”
[19] http://www.filmsite.org/alie.html
[20] Lacey, Nick “Image and Representation” pg 218
[21] http://www.movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800020133/detalis
[22] ‘Alien’ (1979)
[23] http://www.movieviews.org/reviews/may-july2003.shtml
[24] http://www.helium.com/items/125634-women-in-action-movies-empowered-role-models-or-chicks-with-guns
[25] Davis, D.M (1990) “Portrayals of Women in Prime Time Network Television” pg43
[26] http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/kill_bill_vol_1/
[27] http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/kill_bill_vol_1/
[28] http://www.wiki.answers.com/how_much_do_hollywood_actors_get_paid
[29] http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_annihilation
[30]Tuchman G, 1978, ‘The symbolic annihilation of women in the mass media’
[31] http://movies.nytimes.com/2008/06/27/movies/27want.html
[32] Harris Naomie http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/03855141912_0638000.html
[33] Mulvey, Laura (1975) “Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema”
[34]Bennett, Peter (2006) “A2 Media Studies: The Essential Introduction”
[35] http://www.living.scotsman.com/movies?articleid=4208635
[36] http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/charlies_angels/
[37] Bennett , Jacquie (2005) “Media Studies AS & A2” pg 108
[38] Gauntlett, David (2002) “Media, Gender & Identity” pg48
[39]Jenainati Catha, Groves Jude, (2007) “Introducing Feminism”
[40] ‘Wanted’ (2008)
[41] Lbid
[42] Gauntlett, David (2002) “Media, Gender and Identity” pg 78
[43] Bennett, Jacquie(2005) “Media Studies: AS & A2” pg 86
[44] Greer G, (1999), ‘The whole woman’, London: Doubleday
[45]Nelmes, Jill (1996) “An Introduction to Film Studies – Third Edition” pg 248
[46] Mulvey, Laura (1975)
[47] http://www.mybusiness.co.uk/YYLO1iFotKRAKg.html
Bibliography
Work Cited
Books
- Bennett, Jacquie (2005) “Media Studies AS & A2”
- Bennett, Peter (2006) “A2 Media Studies: The Essential Introduction”
- B. Miles (1990) “Challenging Children: Sex Stereotyping as Prime T.V”
- Clark Vivienne, Barker James, Lewis Eileen (2003) “Key Concepts & Skills for Media Studies”
- Davis, D.M (1990) “Portrayals of Women in Prime Time Network Television”
- Gauntlett David (2002): “Media, Gender and Identity”
- Greer G, (1999), ‘The whole woman’, London: Doubleday
- Iness, Sherrie A. Ed. “Action Chicks: New Images of Tough Women in Popular Culture” New York: Palgrare Macmillan (2004)
- Jenainati Catha, Groves Jude, (2007) “Introducing Feminism”
- Lacey, Nick “Image and Representation”
- Mulvey, Laura (1975) “Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema”
- Nelmes, Jill (1996) “An Introduction to Film Studies – Third Edition”
- Tuchman G, 1978, ‘The symbolic annihilation of women in the mass media’
Websites
- http://www.answers.com/topic/castration-complex
- http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?DVDID=9572
- http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_annihilation
- http://www.filmsite.org/alie.html
- http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/03855141912_0638000.html
- http://www.helium.com/items/125634-women-in-action-movies-empowered-role-models-or-chicks-with-guns
- http://www.living.scotsman.com/movies?articleid=4208635
- http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/wome_and_girls
- http://www.movies.nytimes.com/2008/06/27/movies/27want.html
- http://www.movieviews.org/reviews/may-july2003.shtml
- http://www.movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800020133/detalis
- http://www.mybusiness.co.uk/YYLO1iFotKRAKg.html
- http://www.poem.co.uk/femmefatle.html
- http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/charlies_angels/
- http://www.uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/kill_bill_vol_1/
- http://www.wiki.answers.com/how_much_do_hollywood_actors_get_paid
Work Consulted
Websites
- http://community.channel4.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/8606038721/m/1980067829
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)
- http://imdb.com/title/tt0493464/
- http://imdb.com/title/tt0146316/
- http://living.scotsman.com/movies?articleid=4208635
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/03/99/tom_brook/387291.stm
- http://www.channel4.com/film/reviews/film.jsp?id=165408
- http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Marxists
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